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Mutation
Questions
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What is Mutation? | ANY alteration in the BASE SEQUENCE |
Where do Mutations most often occur? | during DNA Replication |
How do Mutations happen? | faulty DNA Replication --> faulty Transcription --> altered mRNA --> altered Translation --> different "nonsense" Protein |
What are the possible effects of Mutations? | None, Adverse, Positive |
What are the 2 subcategories of Mutations? | 1. Chromosome Mutations; 2. Gene Mutations |
What is Chromosome Mutation? | MISSING or EXTRA portions of Chromosomes |
What are the subtypes of Gene Mutations? | Substitutions, Insertions, Deletions |
What are the 2 types of causes of Mutations? | Spontaneous or Environmental: Physical, Chemical, Biological |
What are some examples of Chemical, Physical, and Biological Mutagens? | Chemical: lead, mercury, aspestos, cigarettes; Physical: x-rays, radon, sun; Biological: virus, STDs |
What are the 2 subcategories of Mutations based upon location? | Somatic, Sexual |
What is a Somatic Mutation? | affecting GENERAL Body Cells |
What are the Genes which control Mitosis? | Tumor-Supressor Genes, Proto-Oncogenes |
What are Tumor-Supressor Genes? | code for Proteins which RESTRAIN Mitosis |
What are Proto-Oncogenes? | code for Protein GROWTH FACTORS which STIMULATE Mitosis |
What causes Cancerous Tumors? | damage to BOTH Tumor-Supressor and Proto-Oncogenes |
What are 2 characteristics of Somatic Mutations? | NOT PASSED to next generation, may damage Genes which control Mitosis - COMMON |
What are the subtypes of Gene Mutations? | Substitutions, Insertions, Deletions |
How do Sexual Mutations affect people? | PASSED to offspring --> Birth Defects - RARE |
What do Sexual Mutations affect? | Sperm, Ova |
Which Gene controls the RATE of Mitosis? | RATE of Mitosis determined by 2 large sets of Genes - Tumor-Supressing & Proto-Onco |