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AP Biology
Chapter 2-The Chemical Context of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass. |
| element | Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance |
| compound | A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. |
| trace element | An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. |
| atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
| neutron | An electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the |
| proton | A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom. |
| electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. |
| atomic nucleus | An atom′s central core, containing protons and neutrons |
| Dalton | A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles. |
| atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol. |
| mass number | The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom′s nucleus. |
| atomic mass | The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom. |
| isotope | One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass. |
| radioactive isotope | An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy. |
| energy | The capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). |
| potential energy | The energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement. |
| energy level | Any of several different states of potential energy for electrons in an atom. |
| electron shell | An energy level represented as the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom |
| valence electron | An electron in the outermost electron shell |
| valence shell | The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom. |
| orbital | The three–dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time. |
| chemical bond | An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer–shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells. |
| covalent bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. |
| molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. |
| structural formula | A type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds. |
| molecular formula | A type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms. |
| valence | The bonding capacity of an atom, generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atom′s outermost shell. |
| electronegativity | The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. |
| nonpolar covalent bond | A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. |
| polar covalent bond | A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. |
| ion | ) An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge |
| Anion | A negatively charged ion. |
| ionic bond | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. |
| ionic compound | A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt. |
| salt | A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound. |
| hydrogen bond | A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. |
| van der Waals interactions | Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations. |
| chemical reaction | A process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds. |
| reactant | A starting material in a chemical reaction |
| product | An ending material in a chemical reaction |
| chemical equilibrium | In a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. |
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swimifishi
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