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Micro Lec Chap2
(test 2/21)
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Chemistry | study of interaction of atoms and molecules |
Atom | small unit of matter in chemical reactions [composed of electrons(-), protons(+), and neutrons(neutral)] |
Molecule | atoms interact to form molecules; Cations(+) and Anions(-) |
Macromolecules | small organic molecules combine into larger |
Element | each element has different # of protons |
Isotopes | atoms with different # of neutrons |
Electron | NEGATIVELY charged particle |
Proton | POSITIVELY charged particle |
Neutron | UNCHARGED particle |
Nucleus (of atoms) | composed of Protons & Neutrons |
Electron Shells | arrangement of electrons surrounding nucleus corresponding to different ENERGY LEVELS |
Valence | # of 'missing' or 'extra' electrons in OUTER shell |
Most ABUNDANT atoms | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen |
Compound | contains different kinds of atoms (Ex: H2O, CO2) |
Chemical Bonds | forces holding atoms in a compound; # of protons= # of electrons |
Ions | atoms that have gained or lost electrons and are CHARGED |
Ionic Bond | attraction between ions of opposite charge; (Ex: K(+) and I(-)= KI (one gains & one loses) |
Covalent Bond | form when 2 atoms share electrons; (Ex: H2O, 2 hydrogens + 1 oxygen) |
Hydrogen Bonds | bond between a H atom covalently bonded to O or N & another covalently bonded O or N molecule. (think H20-->H2O) |
Chemical Reactions | involve making or breaking of bonds between atoms, change in chemical energy (endergonic vs exergonic) |
Endergonic Reaction | ABSORB energy |
Exergonic Reaction | RELEASE energy |
Synthesis Reaction | combine to form LARGER molecules (A+B=AB); ANABOLISM |
Decomposition Reaction | split to form SMALLER molecules (AB=A+B); CATABOLISM |
Exchange Reaction | part synthesis and part decomposition; HCl+NaHCO3 -> NaCl+H2CO3 |
Reversible Reaction | can readily go either way; have 2 arrows |
Organic Compound | always contain C or H; chain of C's=carbon skeleton |
Inorganic Compound | typically LACK carbon |
Polar Molecule | H2O |
Acids | a substance that dissociates into one or more H+; HCl -> H+ + Cl-; increased H+ = increased acidity |
Bases | a substance that dissociates into one or more OH-; NaOH -> Na+ + OH-; increased OH- = increased alkalinity |
pH | The amount of H+ in a solution; Neutral=7; avg organism growth 6.5-8.5 |
Salt | a substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-; NaCl -> Na+ + Cl- |
Polymers | many macromolecules |
Monomers | join by dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions |
Hydrolysis | adding of H2O to split molecules (produces ATP); Sucrose+H2O -> Glucose + Fructose |
Salt | a substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-; NaCl -> Na+ + Cl- |
Dehydration Synthesis | Removing H2O; Glucose + Fructose -> Sucrose+H2O |
Polymers | many macromolecules |
Carbohydrates(starches) | important for STRUCTURE and ENERGY source; contain (CH2O)n |
Monomers | join by dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions |
Hydrolysis | adding of H2O to split molecules (produces ATP); Sucrose+H2O -> Glucose + Fructose |
Dehydration Synthesis | Removing H2O; Glucose + Fructose -> Sucrose+H2O |
Carbohydrates(starches) | important for STRUCTURE and ENERGY source; contain (CH2O)n |
Monosaccharide | simple SUGARS; 3-7 carbon atoms |
Polysaccharide | consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis |
Chitin | is a polymer of two sugars repeating many times |
Lipids | primary component of cell membranes; nonpolar & nonsoluble in water |
Protein | essential in cell structure and FUNCTION; consist of subunits called AMINO ACIDS |
Enzymes | proteins that SPEED UP chemical reactions |
Transport Protein | move chemical across membranes |
Enzymes | proteins that SPEED UP chemical reactions |
Amino Acids | |
Transport Protein | move chemical across membranes |
Peptide Bonds | |
Amino Acids | 20, acid group + amino group |
Polypeptide | chain of amino acids |
Peptide Bonds | bonds between amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis |
Primary Structure | LONG chain of proteins |
Secondary Structure | occur when amino acid chains FOLD & COIL into a HELIX or PLEATS |
Secondary Structure | occur when amino acid chains FOLD & COIL into a HELIX or PLEATS |
Quatenary Structure | 2 or more polypeptide chains (folded state) |
Tertiary Structure | consist of nucleotides (pentose, phosphate groups, nitrogen base) |
DNA | has deoxyribose, double helix; A(hydrogen bonds with)T & C(hydrogen bonds with)G |
Quatenary Structure | has ribose, single-stranded; A(hydrogen bonds with)U & C(hydrogen bonds with)G |
ATP | energy stored in cells; has ribose, adenine, & 3 phosphate groups; ATP -> ADP + P; -> made by dehydration synthesis & <- broken down by Hydrolosis |