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11-09 Exam 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the diagnostic evaluations used what which is most common for cardiac assessment | ECG: most commonly used, Echocardiography; cardio cath |
| what are pre-procedural nursing considerations | child must be NPO, make sure there is IV access, assessment for baseline, |
| what are post-procedural nursing considerations | assessment, BR for 4-6 hours |
| what is the principle cause of death during the first year of life that occurs in 8 out of 1000 births | congenital HD |
| what are manifestations of CHD | Additional S3/S4 sounds, discrepancies betweena pical and radial pulses, pericardial rubs, tachypnea, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly |
| Crackles are heard in the _ airway and wheezing in the _ airway | Lower and upper |
| plumonary artery banding | CHD tx includes |
| what are the three types of Atrial Septal Defect | ostium primum (ASD1), ostium secundum (ASD2), sinus venosus defect |
| what are the manifestations of ASD | asymptomatic, systolic murmur heard over left intercostal space, pulomanary congestion |
| What are the two tx for ASD. explain | surgical; dacron patch closure of moderate to large defects, median sternotomy with cariopulmonary bypass. Nonsurgical; ASD 2 closed during cardiac catherterization |
| VSD manifestations; | asymptomatic at birth, loud harsh systolic murmur with palpable thrill, poor feeding, pulmonary congestion, cyanosis ( late) |
| PDA manifestations; | machinelike murmur, full and bounding pulses d/t runoff, wide range between systolic and diastolic bp, hypoxia |
| PDA tx; | indomethacin (Indocin)closes patent ductus in newborns and premature infants |
| what is indomethacin (Indocin) used for? | to close PDA in newborns and premature infants |
| which defect may be necessary to sustain life in neonates with a cyanotic heart defect | patent ductus arteriosus |
| what are manifestations of coarctation of the aorta | bp in arms will be 20mmHg higher than in legs, bounding pulses in upper extremities, leg cramping on exertion in older children, epistaxis |
| Tx of coarctation of the aorta | sx- anastomosis, nonsx- ballon angioplasty |
| what are the four defects that need to be present in a tetralogy of fallot | ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy |
| what is the pathophysiology of tetralogy of fallot | VSD, stenosis of pulmonary artery decreases blood flow to the lungs, dextraposition of the aorta, obstruction of flow to the pulmonary artery |
| Manifestations of TOF | clubbing of fingers/toes, poor growth, feeding problems, frequent respiratory infections, dyspnea on exertion, polycythemia, |
| TX for TOF | surical, medical IV prostaglandin |
| what are the three groups of CHF | impaired myocardium functioning, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous congestion |
| what are the manifestations of impaired myocardial functioning | tachycardia, sweating, decreased urine output, fatigue, weakness and restlessness, anorexia, decreased peripheral pulses and bp, gallop rhythm, cardiomegaly |
| what are the manifestations of pulmonary congestion | retractions and nasal flaring, exercise intolerance, orthopnea, cough, hoarseness, wheezing, grunting |
| what are the manifestations of systemic venous congestion | wt gain, hepatomegaly, hepatomegaly, peripheral edema, ascites, neck vein distension |
| how is digoxin given and what does it do | orally or IV, slow and strengthen the heartbeat |
| what are some ACE inhibitors given for CHF | captopril (Capoten) qid; enalapril (Vasotec) bid |
| what abx are given to tx rheumatic fever | penicillin/erythromycin |
| what infection is responsible for triggering rheumatic fever | GAS |
| What meds are given to a child if diet changes do not work | cholestyramine (Questran), Colestipol (Colestid) |
| cardiomyopathy is divided into 3 categories; | dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive |
| which category is most common with children | dilated cardiomyopathy |
| signs and symptoms of dilated cardimyopathy is | tachycardia, dyspnea, hepatosplenomegaly, fatigue, poor growth |
| what are the three formed element of blood | erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes |
| whcih of the following are a part of the lymphatic system | thymus gland, tonsil and adenoids, spleen, |
| what is anemia | reduction in the number of RBC or amt of hemoglobin is below normal |
| what are signs and symptoms of a person with anemia | SOB, lightheadedness, disaphorsis, and tachycardia |
| what is the most prevalent nutritional disorder | iron deficiency anemia |
| which age group is at the highest risk for iron deficiency anemia | 12-36 months |
| Tarry stools are a manifestion of iron medication..t/f | true |
| newborns with sickle cell are generally asymptomatic..t/f | True |
| what meds can be used to treat sickle cell | acetominephine,ibuprofen,codeine,PCA, steroids |
| inherited blood disordeer characterized by deficiencies in the rate of the production of specific globins in Hgb | Beta-Thalassemia |
| bone marrow failure conditionin whch formed elemtns are simulatensously depressed | aplastic anemia |
| what is fanconi anemia | hyper/hypo pigmentation |
| what are factors that cause aplastic anemia | exposure to household or industrial chemicals, irradation, infection, drugs |
| antilymphocyte, antithymocyte are used for therapeutic management T/F | true |
| what are therapeutic measures against hemophilla | coricosteroids, regular exercise and prophylatic infusion of factor VIII |
| an autoimmune system reaction to a virus causes | ITP Leukemia |
| what are signs and symptoms of initial phase of leukemia | low grade fever, tendency to bruise, listlessness, ABD pain, enlargement of lymph nodes |
| what are progressed manifesations of leukemia | testicular, hepatoo/, spleen/o enlargement and ulcerations |
| malignancy of the lymph system causes what disease | Hodgkin's disease |
| which type of Hodgkin's disease is more prevalant inc hildren less than 14 yrs old | non-Hodgkin's |
| which Hodgkin's disease is prevalant in adolesence 15 - 19 | Hodgkin's disease |
| what are manifestations of Hodgkin's disease | painless lump on neck, night sweats, unexplained weight loss |
| Stagin of Hodgkin's disease is bases on what | the number of lymph nodes affected |
| what is the tx of hodgkin's disease | radiation, mopp, abvd, splenectomy |
| newborns lose a large amt of _cellular fl | extracellular |
| which type of dehydration is the primary form in children | isotonic |
| what is the greatest threat of isotonic dehydration in children | shock |
| which type of dehydration is most dangerous | hypertonic |
| what is the most common cause of serious gastroenterisits | rotavirus |
| what is obstipation | long intervals between BM |
| what is encopresis | constipation with fecal soiling/ lack of stools |
| the majority of children have constipation dt poor hydration t/f | f...no identifiable cause |
| meconium stool is normally passed within | 24-36 hrs |
| what is the difference between meuconium plugs and meuconium ileus | reduced water content, obstruction |
| in infants increase the amt of _ to relieve constipation | carbohydrates in formula |
| lack of normal peristalsis, common in boys, familia tendency is what type of disease | hirschsprung's disease |
| what will stools look like in hirschsprung's diease | ribbon-like |
| manifestation of dirschsprung's are | enterocolitis, fialure to thrive, abd distention, shock |
| sx correction, avoidance of tap water and temporary colostomy are treatments for | hirschsprung's vomiting |
| what is mallory weiss syndrom | tears inthe mucosal layer at the junction of the esophagus and stomach |
| infants and children prone to ger include | premature infants, disorders, neurologic d/o, cystic fibrosis, cerebral palsy |
| what are clinical manifestations of ger | excessive crying,irritability, arch of the back, dysphagia |
| small blind pouch near illeocecal valve fails to disappear, may be connected to umbilicus by a cord | meckel's diverticulum |
| what is the common congenital malformation of the gi tract | meckel's diverticulum |
| what are manifests of meckel;s diverticulum | before 2yrs, painless bright or dark red bleeding, abd pain |
| how is meckel's diverticulum dx | barium enemia |
| what is chorn's disease | chronic inflammation that involves all layers of the bowel wall |
| what are manifests of chron's | anorexia, anal fistual, rectal bleeding |
| what meds are used to control inflammation of chron's disease | corticosteroids, sulfasalazine, abx |
| what type of diet is recommended for one c chron's disease | high protein, high cal, enteral formula, tpn |
| what are symptoms of peptic ulcer disease | nocturnal pain, hematemesis, melana |
| what are the H2 receptors used to tx peptic ulcers | cimetidine (tagament) rantidine (zantac) famotidine (pepcid) |
| what are the proton pump inhibitors | omeprazole (prilosec) lansoprazole (prevacid) |
Created by:
tcihla
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