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brain

question	answer
why is the brain often compared to a computer?	because it can simultaneously recieve and process enormous amounts of info, and then organize, integrate, file and store the info. before making output response
brain size is ___directly correllated with intelligence	not
typical human brain has a volume of	1200 cc and
a typical brain weighs around	3 pounds
four major regions of the brain	cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum
when viewed superiorly the cerebrum is divided into two halves, called	leftand right cerebral hemispheres
each hemisphere may be further subdivided into	five functional areas called lobes
outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called	gyri (singular gyrus)
the outer surface of an adult brain exhibits shallow depression between gyri called	sulci (singular sulcus
the brain is associated with ___ pairs of cranial nerves	12
what are the two directional terms used to describebrain anatomy?	rostral (anterior) and caudal(posterior)
rostral means	toward the nose
terms synonomous with rostral	cranial or superior or anterior
caudal means	towards the tail
synonomous with caudal	posterior, inferior
the the human embryo the brain orms the ___ of hte neural tube, which undergoes ___ growth rates in different regions	front part, disproportionate
by the fifth week of development a totatl of __ regions appear	five: tellencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
telencephalon	forms the cerebrum
diencephalon	eventually formsthe thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
during the embryonic and fetal periods the telencephalon...	grows rapidly and surrounds the diencephalon
mesencephalon	which formsa short section of the brian stem between the diencephalon and pons
metencephalon	eventually forms the pons and cerebellum
myelencephalon	eventually forms the medulla oblongata1
as the future brain develops, its surface folds, execially in the ___, oleading to the formation of adult ___ and ____.	telencephalon, sulci and gyri
what detwermine the boundadries of the brains's cavvities?	the bends and creases that occur in the developing brain
what is necessary in order to fit the massive amount of brain tissue within the confines ofthe cranial cavity?	bends, creases and folds in the telencephalon
why is it that when the fetus is borns the brain closely resembles that of an adult?	because most of the gyri and sulci develop late in the fetal development
what are the two distinct tissue areass whcih are recognized within the brain and spinal cord	gray matter, and white matter
gray matter houses:	motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendriteds, branching axon terminals, unmyelinated axons
whit matter deriveds its color from	myelin in the nyelinated axons
white matter yhouses:	myelinated axons, dendrites adn associated neuroglial cells
what forms from mihrating peripheral neurons?	an outer superficial region of gray matter
cortex	external sheets of gray matter that cover the surface of most of the adult brain (cerebrum and cerebellum)
the whit matter of the brain lies ___ to the gray matter of the cortex	deep
medulla	inner region of white matter
sudden decelerations (car crashes) can cause what to occur?	gray and white matter int he brain to shear at the interface
in the spinal cord how are the white and grey matter organized?	white matter as its outer layer and gray matter at its center
the brain is prootected and isolated by multiple structures	bony cranium (rigid support), meninges, csf(cushioning), bb barrier(prevent entry of harmful chem)
meninges	three connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium, enclose and protect bv tha tsupply the brain and ocntain and circulate csf. also forms some of the veins that drain blood from teh brain
what are the three layers of the meninges	dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
sura mater	most external of the neninges
dura mater is composed of	tough, dense connective tissue with two fibrous layers, strongest of the meninges
two layers of the dura mater	periosteal layer, meningeal layer
periosteal layer	more superficial layer, forms the periosteum fo the cranial bones
meningeal layer	lies deep to the periosteal layer
the meningeal layer is usually fused to the ___ except in specific areas where the two layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces called ______	periosteal layer, dural venous sinuses
dural venous sinuses	triangular in cross section , do not have vvalves to regulate venous flow (unlike most veins)
dural venous sinuses are in essence,	large veins that drain blood from teh brain and transport the blood to the internal jugular veins
epidural space	the dura mater and bones of the skull can be separated by it, contains the arteries and veins that nourish the meninges and bones of the cranium
arachnoid mater	lies immediately internal to the dura mater
why is the arachnoid mater named accordingly?	because arachnoid means like a s pider or resembling a spider's web and this meninx is so named because it is partiallly composed of a delicate web o callagen and elastic fibers
subdural space	potential located between the arachnoid and overlying dura mater
subarachnoid s pace	immediately deep to the arachnoid mater, the spider web-like extensions of the arachnoid extend throug this space from the arachnoid to the underlying pia mater
pia mater	is the innermost of hte cranial meninges
pia mater is composed of	delicate connective tissue that itghtly adheres to the brain and nfollows every contour of the brain surface
cranial dural septa	double layers of dura mater (meningeal layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions (septa) into the cranial cavity)
function fof the cranial dural septa	membranous partitions separate specific parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization and support fro the entire brain
four cranial dural septa	falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, diphragma sellae
largenst of the four dural septa	falx cerebri
describe the falx cerebri	sickle-shaped vertical fold fo dura mater, located int he midsagittal plane, projects into the longitudinal fissure between the left and right cerebral hemispheres
anterior attachment of falx cerebri?	crista galli aof ethmoid
posterior attachment sit e for the falx cerebri	superior portion fo the tentorium cerebelli
reunning within the margins of the falx cerebri are	several dural vvenous sinuses
describe the tentorium cerebelli	horizontally oriented fold of dura mater athat separates the occipital lobe and temporal lobes of fhte cerebrum from the cerebellum
what runs within the posterior border of the tentorium cerebelli?	dural venous sinus
the anterior surface of the tentorium cerebelli has a	tentorial notch
tentorial notch	small gap or opening, allows passage fo the brainstem
tentorial incisure	tentorial notch
describe the falx cerebelli	extend in toeh midsagittal line inferior to eht tentoriiumm cerebelli, sickle-shaped vertical partition atha tdivides the left and righ tcerebellar hemishperes
what runs in the posterior vertical border of the falx cerebelli	tiny dural venous sinus
smallest of hte dural septa is the	diphragma sellae
diphragma sellae forms a	roof ofve rhte sella trucica of hte sphenoid bone
a smallopening within the diphragman sellae allos for the passage of the	thin stalk taht attaches the pituitary gland within the sella turcicca to the base ofthe yypothalamus located just above
the brain ventriclesare	cavities or expansions within the brain that are deried from the lumen (opening) of the embryonic neural tube
where are the brain ventricles derived from?	the lumen (opening) of the embryonic neural tube
the ventricles are ___ with one another as well as the ___ of the spinal cord	contiguous, central canal
whare the four ventricles in the brain?	two lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
allof the ventricles in the brain contain	csf
where are the two lateral ventricles located	in the cerebrum (one in the right, one in the left cerebral hemisphere)
whare are the two lateral ventricles separated by?	a thin medial partion called the septum pellucidum
thir ventricle	smaller chamber located within the diencephalon
each lateral ventricle communicates with the	third ventricle
fourth ventricle	shaped like a tetrahedron, located between the pons and the ecerebellum
the fourth ventricle narrows at its ___ end before it merges with the ____ int he spinal cord	inferior, central canal
csf	clear, colorless liquid circulates int eh ventricles and subarachnoid space
csf bathes the -_____ of the cns and completely surrounds it.	exposed surfaces
importan functions of the csf.	buoyancy, protection, environmental stability
the csf provides buoyancy so that the brain?	floats,
the floating of the brain reduces its	apparent weight by more than 95% and preventsin it form being crushed under its own weight
when csf is removed during spinal taps, many persons complain of headaches, caused in part by a	loss of the cushoinning buoyancy
how does the csf protect	by creating liquid cushion to protect the brain from sudden mvmnts
how does the csf provide environmental stability?	by transporting nutrients, chemical messengers and removing wates
where are wastes and excess csf eventually transported?	into the venous circulation
csf is formed by	the choroid plexi in each of the four ventricles
the choroid plexi are formed	by the ependymal cells that line the ventricles and the bearby blood capillaries
csf is essentially a filtrate of	plasma, in that it contains proteins and salts (ions)
the choroid plexi produce csf at a rate of	500 milliliter (ml) perday
the csf eventually leave sth ventricles and enter the	subarachnoid space, where the total volume f the csf at at any given moment ranges between 100 ml and 160 ml
because of teh constant changing ranges of csf, this means that?	excess csf is continuously removed fromteh subarachnoid space so the fluid will not accumulate and compress or damage the nervous tissue
arachnoid villi	fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid project throug the dura mater into the dural venous sinuses
arachnoid granulations	collections of arachnoid villi (visible)
excess csf moves across the arachnoid membrane at the arachnoid villii to return to the	blood within the dural venous sinuses
summarize. CSF is produced by ___ in the ____, flows throug the ___, enters into the ______ and the central canal, anas is evventually drained back into the blood via the ________ that empty into the dural venous sinuses.	choroid plexi, ventricles, ventricles, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi
what is protected by the bbb?	nervous tissue,
astrocytes envelop brain capillaries and reduce	capillary permeablilty
bbb helps to prevent hazardous	material from diffusing across the capillary wall.
usually only ____ compounds can diffuse across the capillary wall and into the fluids of the CNS to reach the _____.	lipid-soluble, brain neurons
where is the bbb markedly reduced or missing in the brain?	choroid plexi (necessary permeabliility to produce csf), hypothalamus and pineal glands (so they have acccess to blood stream to directly release their hormones into the plasma)
cerebrum	telencephalon
location of conscious though processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions	cerebrum/telencephalon
telencephalon is readily identified as the two large	hemispheres on the superior aspect of the brain.
what are the functions of teh telencephalon (cerebrum)?	center of your intelligence, reasoning, sensory perception, thought, memory and judgment, volulntary motor, visual and auditory activities
andy believes that you can kill what type of individuals for organ donation?	if they do not bave cerebral hemisphyeres, not a human person
outer gray layer off the telencephalon is the _____ and the inner white matter was the _____>	cerebral cortex, cerebral medulla
there surface of the cerebrum contains?	gyri, sulci and deeper grooves called fissures
the two halves of the cerebrum	left and right cerebral hemispheres
the paired cerebral hemispheres are separated by a deep	longitudinal fissure
the longitudinal fissure extends along	the midsagittal plane
are the cerebral hemispheres separate from one another?	yes except at a few locations (corpus collusum) where tracts of white matter allow for communication between them.
corpus callosum	largest whit matter tract between lft and right hemispheres of cerebrum, connects the hemispheres and provides the main method of communication between these hemispheres
what are the three points that should be kept in mind with respect to the cerebral hemispheres?	1. overlap of functions (no precise location of function) 2. project commands and recieve info from opposite side of body. 3. the sheres are mirror images, one can play a greater role in certain body activities.
why is it difficult to assign a precise function to a specific region of the brain?	there is considerable overlap of function
both cerebral hemispheres receive their sensory info from, and project motor commoands to?	the opposite side fothe body, vice versa.
the two cerebral hemispheres appear as mirror images, one hemisphere can play a greater role in?	controlling certain body activities
which hemisphere is more important in controlling speech and understanding spoken word?	left hemisphere of telencephalon/cerebrum
each cerebral hemisphere is divided into five lobes, what are they?	frontal lobe, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
where does the frontal lobe lie?	lies deep to the grontal bone and forms the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere
the grontal lobe is primarily concerned with?	voluntary motor functions of skeletal muscles, concentration, verbal communications, decision making, planning, personality
parietal lobe lies where and forms what part of cerebral hemisphere?	lies internal to the parietal bone and forms superoposterior part of hemisphere
the parietal lobe is involved with?	general sensory functions such as evaluating hte shpae and texture of objects being touched
where does the temporal lobe lie?	internal to the temporal bone
the temporal lobe is involved with?	hearing, interpreting speech and language, smell
occipital lobe forms what region of the hemispheres?	the posterior regions
where is the occipital lobe located?	immediately underlies the occipital bong
the occipital lobe is responsible for?	processing incoming visula information, storing visual memories
insula	small lobe that can be visualized by pulling aside the temporal lobe
the function of the insula	momory, interpretation of taste
cerebral medulla	central white matter
cerebral nuclei	masses of gray matter buried deep within the white matter
coup-contrecoup injuries to the cerbrum occur when?	a blow to the head caused the brain to shift towards area of impact and injue itself by hitting the inner surface of the skull, then rebounding injuring itself again by hitting the skull on opposite side where orig. blow was delivered
where is the diencephalon located?	sandwiched between inferior regions of hte cerebral hemispheres
what does the diencephalon include?	hypothalamus, thalamus and epithalamus
epithalamus forms	posterior roof of hte diencephalon and covers the third ventricle
the posterior portion of the epithalamus houses the	pineal gland
pineal gland	endocrine gland, secretes melatonin
malatonin regulated	circadian-rhythm (day-night cycles)
thalamus	paired oval masses of gray matter that lie on either side of the third ventricle
thalamus forms	superolateral walls of the third ventricle
the thalamus is the principal and final relay point for all	sensory information, except for olfaction,
olfaction	sense of smell
sense of smell is processed and projected to the	cerebral cortex
the thalamus filters out	repetitieve or non-essential sights and sounds and clues in the cerebrum where the sensory info came from
hypothalamus is what border of teh diencephalon?	anteroinferior
infundibulum	extend inferiorly fromt he hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
what connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?	infundibulum
what are the functions of the hypothalamus?	controls autonomic ns
how does the hypothalamus control the autonomic ns?	projects descending axons to the inferior brain stem that inflence heart rate, bp, digestion, and respiration
the hypothalamus is the master control of the	autonomic ns: endocrine system, thermostat, emotional resopnses, controls hunger, thirst center, regulates circadian-rythyms
as the master of the endocrine system the hypothalamus secretes?	hormones that control the secretory activities of the ANTERIOR pituit gland. it also produces two hormones that are transported thorugh axons in the infundibulum and stored in the POSTERIOR pit.
what are the two hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that are stored in the POSTERIOR pituitary gland?	antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
what regulates shivering and sweating?	hypothalamus, thermostat
the limbic system	part of the brain that ocntrols emotional responses, where hypo is located
emotional responses	pleasure, aggression, fear, rage, contantment, and sex drive
the hypothalamus monitors nutrients and controls hunger, what nutrients?	glucose and aa
as the body's thirst center, the hypo continuously monitors?	blood solute (dissolved substances) concentration and stimulates thirst or release of fluid
how does the hypo regulate circadian rhythms?	acting in conjunction with pineal gland
brainstem	bidirectional passageway for all nerve tracts extending between the cerebrum and the spinal cord
the brainstem contains many	autonomic centers required for our survival
three regions of the brain stem	mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata
mesencephalon is located?	rostral (superior) portion of the brainstem, short section of the brain betwen the diencephalon and the pons
the mesencephalon is concerned with?	visual and auditory reflexes, control of posture and mvmnt
pons is located	bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem, forms from part of the metencephalon
the pons acts	to relay impulses, regulate breathing
medulla oblongata if located where?	most caudal (inferior) part of the brainstem, continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly, formed from the myelencephalon
the caudal portion of the medulla resembles the spinal cord with its	ounded shape and narrow central canal
the central canal of the medulla oblongata (medulla) forms ___ as it extends rostrally (superiorly)?	enlarges and becomes the fourth ventricle
all communication between the brain and spin cord involvees tract of nerve fibers that ascend or descend through the?	medulla oblongata
what reults in control of the movements of the hemispheres of the opposite side of the body?	tract of nerve fibers, in teh caudal region of the medulla, cross to the opposite side of the brain, resulting in the crossoversi
if the polic snipers want to disconnect the brain from the spinal cord they aim for	medulla oblongata
external landmark for a level frontal shot	tip of the nose
external landmark for a level side shot is at the base of the	ear lobe
functions of the medulla oblongata	sensory relay, relay to the thalamus, cardiac center, vaomotor center, repiratory center, coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing gagging, and vomiting
the medulla serves a s acardia center by regulating?	heart's rate and strength of its contraction
the medulla swerves a the vasomotor center by controlling the contration and relaxation of	smooth muscle in the walls of the smallest arteries (arterioles) to alter vessel diameter and bp
the medulla acts ads the respiratory center and is also influenced by the ?	pons

Created by: kimberlywar

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