Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
1. Endocrine System
Overview, structures, and functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| General functions of the endocrine system. | Regulate Metabolism Regulate Growth, Development & Reproductive Regulate homeostasis |
| What controls hormone secretion? | Negative Feedback, Nervous system, certain organs |
| What are the structures of the endocrine system? | Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid(4), Thymus, Adrenal(2), pancreas, testes & overies |
| What are the mechanisms of hormone action? | 1) Steroid Hormone 2) Non-steroid hormone |
| Steroid Hormone | Enters the target cell and binds with intracellular receptors. |
| Non-steroid Hormone | Binds to a receptor at the surface of the target cell, then a second messenger delivers the hormone's message to the cell. |
| Types of Hormone Chemistry | *Steroids *Amines *Proteins |
| Types of Steroids | Aldosterone, Progesterone, Testosterone, |
| Steroids are synthesized.... | From cholesterol |
| Types of Amines | Nor-epinephrine, epinephrine, thyroxine |
| Amines are synthesized... | from the amino acid tyrosine |
| Thyroxine is also know as | T3 T4 |
| Types of Proteins, Glycoproteins, & Polypeptides | Insulin and parathyroid hormone |
| Pituitary Gland | Releases 8 hormones. 6 from the anterior lobe and 2 from the posterior lobe. |
| Pituitary's Anterior Lobe | Is affected by chemicals transported by blood. |
| Pituitary's Posterior Lobe | Is affected by nerve impulses sent from the hypothalamus. |
| Growth Hormone (GH) | Targets bone and skeletal muscles to promote growth. |
| Growth Hormone is regulated by | GHRF and GHRIF |
| What increases blood glucose level? | Growth hormone |
| Prolactin | Targets mammary tissue to promote milk formation. |
| PRLRF & PRLRIF regulates | Prolactin Hormone |
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone | Targets follicular cells of the thyroid to secrete hormones T3 and T4 |
| TSHRF | regulates Thyroid Stimulation Hormone |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone | Targets the adrenal cortex to cause secretion of cortisol. |
| ACTHRF regulates | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone | In males- targets seminiferous tubules to promote sperm cell reproduction In Females- targets follicles in ovaries to promote egg development and secretion of estrogen |
| What promotes the secretion of estrogen | Follicle Stimulating Hormone |
| Luteninizing Hormone | In Males it targets interstitial cells to secrete testosterone. |
| Luteninizing Hormone | In Females it promotes ovulation of the egg and secretion of progesterone |
| LHRF regulates | Luteninizing Hormone |
| Posterior Lobe Hormones | Oxytocin & Antidiuretic hormone |
| Oxytocin Hormone | Targets smooth muscles of the breasts and uterus to promote milk release and contractions. |
| Antidiuretic Hormone | Targets the kidneys to promote conservation of water in the blood |
| Thyroid | Removes iodine from the blood |
| Follicular cell | respond to TSH by secreting the thyroid hormone T3 & T4 |
| Thyroid Extra follicular cells | secretes calcitonin |
| Calcitonin | Decreases the blood calcium level and stimulates osteoblast cells to deposit calcium in bone tissue. |
| Parathyroid Glands | All four secrete the hormone parathyroid hormone. |
| Parathyroid Hormone | Increases the blood calcium level and stimulates osteoclast. |
| Adrenals | Also called Suprarenal Glands |
| Adrenal Medulla | Deep portion, secrets the hormones nor-epinephrine and epinephrine. |
| Norepinephrine | primarily increases blood pressure other effects; increase heart rate, and metabolic rate |
| Epinephrine | Primarily increases heart rate and forces contraction. |
| Epinephrine | increases blood glucose level and dilates airways |
| Adrenal Cortex | Has 3 zones; Outter zone, Middle Zone and Inner Zone |
| Outter Zone | secretes the hormone aldosterone |
| Aldosterone | increases sodium re-absorption in the kidneys and increases blood pressure |
| Aldosterone | is a mineralcorticoid hormone |
| Middle Zone | Secretes Cortisol, which reduces inflammation, increases blood glucose level and fights stress |
| Cortisol | is a glucocorticoid hormone |
| Inner Zone | Secretes gonadocorticoid hormone which are small amounts of estrogen and other sex hormones |
| Pancreas | An endocrine gland and producer of digestive enzymes. |
| The endocrine region of the pancreas | Islets |
| Pancreatic islets contain 3 types of cells: | Alpha Beta Delta |
| Alpha Cells | secrets glucagon, which increases blood glucose level |
| Beta Cells | Secretes insulin, which decreases the blood glucose level |
| Delta Cells | Secretes somatostation, which is thought to affect glucogon and insulin secretion |
| Type I diabetes | "Juvenile onset" a failure of beta cells to secrete insulin |
| Type II diabetes | "Adult Onset" a failure of receptors to respond to insulin. |
| Long term effects of diabetes | blindness, amputation, stroke, kidney failure |
| Signs / Symptoms of diabetes | hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, & weight loss |
| Thymus | Secretes the hormone thymosins. |
| Thymosins | a hormone that stimulates T lymphocyte (white blood cells) |
| Pineal | Secretes hormone melatonin |
| Melatonin | regulates sleep. |
| Spermatagium | A large and primitive cell with 46 chromosomes. |
| 1 Primary spermatocyte | Has 46 chromosomes and begins meiosis. |
| 2 Secondary spermatocyte | divides and produces two cells each having 23 chromosomes |
| 4 spermatids | third stage and divides into 4 cells each having 23 chromosomes Then mature and a flagellum is added |
| Spermatogenesis Stages | 1 Spermatagonium 1 primary 2 secondary 4 spermatids |
| General functions of the male/Female reproductive system | produce sex cells, secrete hormones, and development |
| Spermatozoa | a mature sperm cell that has a flagellum and acrosome |
| Interstitial cells | located between the seminferous tubules of the testes. Responds to LH by secreting testosterone |
| Sustentacular Cell | Population of protective cells located in the seminferous tubules. Assists and protects developing sperm cells. |
| Testes | secretion of testosterone by intersitial cells |
| Epididyms | stores sperm cell site at which sperm acquire motility. |
| Vas deferns | ductus diferens |
| vas deferns | stores mature sperm cells; transports sperm from the epididyms to the ejaculatory duct |
| ejaculatory duct | transports mature sperm from the vas deferns to the urethra |
| seminal vesicles | produce a fluid that contains the sugar fructose; the energy source for the sperm cells |
| prostate | produces a fluid that has a slightly basic (alkaline) pH to protect sperm cells |
| cowper's (bulbourethral) glands | provide a fluid that contains mucus to protect sperm cells |
| urethra | site of blending of components of semen; transports semen to the exterior of the body |
| Oogonium | large primitive cell with 46 chromosomes |
| J- shaped tubular structure positioned above each testis | Epididymis |
| {aired male gonads which contain seminiferous tubules and interstitial and sustentacular cells | Testes |
| paired tubular structures extending from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct | Vas-Deferns |
| narrowed passageway extending from vas defernes to the urethra | ejaculatory duct |
| Areas within the penis | Corpora cavernosa (paired structures which fill with blood during erection) and the corpora spongiosum which contains the urethra |
| oocytes | the female gamete (eggs) |
| Ovaries | site of oogenesis and ovulation of the secondary oocyte |
| primary oocyte | 46 chromosomes |
| zygote | a fertilized egg, has 46 chromosomes |
| Ovarian follicular cells | secrete estrogen in response to FSH |
| Following ovulation the corpus luteum secrets | progesterone in response to LH |
| Uterine Tube | Transport the secondary oocyte to the uterus and is the site of fertilization |
| uterus | site of implantation, growth, and development of an embro |
| Menstrual Cycle | Average 28 days |
| Phases of the menstrual cycle | Menstrual Period Pre-ovulation Post-ovulation |
| The time in which ovarian follicles respond to FSH by enlarging | Menses |
| Pre-Ovulatory Phase | follicles enlarge and secrete estrogen endometrium thickens |
| Ovulation | releases the 2nd oocyte on aprox day 14 |
| progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum causes the endometrium to thicken | Post Ovulatory phase |
Created by:
alesha945
Popular Physiology sets