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Phys2 EKG
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dipole | the combination of two poles: opposite in charge but EQUAL in magnitude. **Created in the heart by constant polarization/depolarization |
| What do electrocardiographers look at when analyzing heart electrical activity? | Surface electrodes which provide a reading of the outside of the cell. **measuring the potential difference b/w 2 electrodes |
| What does a flat line represent? what is another name for flat line? | no difference or change in electrical activity b/w 2 electrodes. **ISOELECTRIC POINT** |
| When will you see an isoelectric point (flat line)? | 1.Fully depolarized. 2.Fully repolarized. 3.Tissue is too small to observe electrical activity. |
| When is an upward deflection recorded? | when the cell is depolarizing TOWARDS the POSITIVE electrode. |
| When is a downward deflection recorded? | when the cell has a depolarizing wave moving AWAY from the POSITIVE electrode. |
| How does the De novo ventricular depolarization travel? | Ventricular depolarization moves from: 1.the Apex of the heart to the base. 2.Endocardium to Epicardium |
| At what speed is an EKG recorded and how much time is represented by 5mm on the standardized paper? | 25mm/sec. 0.2 seconds |
| What is reprsented by the P wave? | Atrial depolarization. |
| What is reprsented by the Q wave? | Septal depolarizatoin. |
| What is reprsented by the R peak? | Bulk of ventricular depolarized |
| What is reprsented by the S wave? | Post base or Late lateral left depolarization |
| What is reprsented by the T wave? | Rapid ventricular repolarization |
| What is an EKG segment? | Isoelectric point (straight line) |
| what is an EKG Interval (Int)? | EKG segment plus a wave |
| Differentiate b/w the P-R segment and the P-R interval? | 1.Segment: Fully depolarized AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje branches. 2.Interval: Activation of everything in the P-R segment PLUS the ATRIA |
| What does the QRS interval represent? | Ventricular Depolarization. |
| Differentiate b/w the S-T segment and the S-T interval? | 1.Segment:Fully depolarized ventricle (Isoelectric point). 2.Interval: Repolarization of ventricles. |
| What does the QT interval represent? | DURATION of SYSTOLE. **Majority in repolarization, therefore QT interval can be used to measure repolarization. |
| What is considered the "Baseline" for an EKG? | The T-P Segment. from the end of the T wave to the onset of the next P wave. |
| What is occuring on an EKG just before the P wave? why does is appear as an isoelectric point? | SA node depolarization. **It is an isoelectric point b/c the SA node is so small that it can't be measured on the surface |
| When would you see a broader P wave? | 1.Enlarged atria (more to depolarize). 2.Conduction is slowed (taking longer to become fully depolarized. **See this in response to parasympathetic M-receptor activation) |
| When would you see a prolonged P-R interval? | If conduction through the AV NODE is SLOWED!! **See this in response to parasympathetic M-receptor activation |
| When would you see a wide QRS interval? | If there was a bundle branch blockage (BBB). **This would lead an arythmia and unbalanced ventricular depolarization. |
| When would you see a longer Q-T interval? | Channel mutations resulting in: 1.gain-of-function for Na+ channels. 2.los-of-function for K+ channels. |
| What Plane are the limb leads measuring? | Frontal plane |
| What Plane are the chest leads measuring? | Horizontal plane |
| Einthoven's triangle Standard bipolar limb leads & charges | I: R arm(-) to L arm(+). II:R arm(-) to L Leg(+). III:L arm(-) to L Leg (+). **All three produce upward defelections b/c the depolarization is moving towards the positive lead. |
| Einthoven's triangle Augmented unipolar limb leads & charges | Used by creating a NULL (2 negative leads) and a positive lead. 1.aVF:null:L & R arm, pos: L leg (upward deflection). 2.aVR:null:L arm & leg, pos:R arm (downward deflection). 3.aVL:null:R arm & L leg, pos: L arm (deflection varies) |
| Location and deflection of the first 2 chest leads (V1 and V2) | Location: R heart. Deflection: Downward (the wave of depolarization is moving FROM R to L leaving the SA node). |
| Location and deflection of V5 and V6 | Location: L heart. Deflection: Upward (the wave of depolarization is moving towards them). |
| Location and deflection of V3 and V4 | Location: IV Septum. Deflection: transition. |
| What is the R-R interval used for? | used to determine seconds/beat. **Divid 60s/min by R-R interval |
| What is the HR is R-R interval is 0.2seconds (1 large box b/w) | 300 bpm |
| What is the HR is R-R interval is 0.6seconds (3 large box b/w) | 100 bpm |
| What is the HR is R-R interval is 1 second (5 large box b/w) | 60 |
| What is the R-R interval of the normal resting HR | 60-80 bpm: 4 boxes (0.8 seconds) or 5 boxes (1 second) |
Created by:
WeeG
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