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BIO1130 EXAM #1

Chapters 10 and 11

Question	Answer
What are the Special Senses	1. Sight 2. Sound 3. Taste 4. Equilibrium 5. Smell
What are the General Senses	1. Touch, Heat 2. Cold, Pain 3. Nausea, Hunger 4. Thirst, Blance and Pressure
____ Include receptors of skin	Cutaneous Senses
_____ Include nausea, hunger, thirst and need to urinate and defecate	Visceral Senses
What is the function of the Eyelids	Protection and Moisterizing
What is the function of Conjunctiva	Transparent Layer Covering your Eye
______ Produces and stores tears and contains Lacrimal Gland and it's Corresponding Ducts	Lacrimal Apparatus
What is the funtion of the Lacrimal Gland	Secretion of Tears
What is the Function of the Ducts found in the Lacrimal Apparatus	Transportation
Black Part of the Eye	Cornea
What is the most functional part of the eye	Cornea
White Part of the Eye	Scleara
What is the Function of the Cornea	Transparent Covering that allows passage of light
What is the funtion of the Scleara	Fibrous Layer for Structure / Protection
What is the strongest part of the whole body	Iris
Colored Part of the Eye	Iris
What is the funtion of the Iris	Sphincter that conrols the opening (Pupil) where light passes into the eye
Innermost layer of the eye	Retina
Highly Vascularized and Pigmented Region of the eye that provides nourishment to the eye	Choroid
What are the two types of Cells contained in the Retina (Photopigments)	1. Rods 2. Cones
Active in dim light, black and white vision	Rods
Active in bright light, color vision	Cones
How many Muscles are responsible for movement of each eye	6
Vision Center is located in	Occipital Lobe of the Brain
Inflammation of membrane that lines the eye	Conjunctivitis
Clounding or Clumping of the lens	Cataract
Increased pressure in fluid of the eye, which interferes with optic nerve function	Glaucoma
How does the vision gradually Deteriorate in Glaucoma	Peripheral Vision is Reduced FIRST, Tunnel Vision Develops
Damage to Retina	Retinopathy
What can cause Retinopathy	systemic Diseases like Hypertention or DM
Abnormalities in eyey's ability to focus	Refractive Errors
Farsightedness	Hyperopia
Nearsigntedness	Myopia
Farsightedness means objects _____ appear Blurred	Up close
Nearsightdness means objects ____ appear Blurred	At a Distance
Presbyopia	Farsightdness that occurs with age
Treatments for refractive errors	1. Glasses 2. Contact Lenses 3. Surgical Techniques
RK	Radical Keratomy
Radical Keratopmy	Makes Incisions around cornea to reshape eyes
LASIK	Laser-Assited Keratoileusis
Laser-Assisted Keratomileusis	Lasers used to reshape corneal Tissue
Amblyopia is also known as	Lazy Eye
When does Lazy Eye Occur	In Childhood
Nyctalopia	Difficulty seeing at night or in dim light
Alteration in Shape of Cornea in which it becomes more oblong or football shaped than spherical; usually hereditary but can result from eye injury	Astigmatism
Medical Term for Dry Eye Syndrome	Xeropthalmia
Chronic lack of eye lubrication and moisture due to lack of tear production	Dry Eye Syndrome / Xeropthalmia
This is the last stage of sleep and can be measured in sleep studies to help diagnose sleep disorders	REM
REM	Rapid Eye Movement
What are the parts of the Ear	1. External Ear 2. Middle Ear 3. Internal Ear, or labyrinth
External Ear starts with ____ and Ends with _____	Pinna; Tympanic Membrane
Function of External Ear	Conduction of Sound
External Ear contains	Cerumen / Ear Wax
Middle Ear Starts with _____ and ends with _____	Tympanic Membrane; Oval Window
Middle Ear contains 3 bones / ossicles	1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes
Fucntion of the bones in the middle ear	Amplification X 22
In addition to the bones, the Middle Ear contains	the Opening for Eustachian Tube
Inner Ear contains 3 spperate Hollow Maze (bony Labyrinth)	1. Chochlea 2. Vestibule Chamber 3. Semicircular Canals
Function of Cochlea	Hearing
Function of Vestibule Chamber	Balance
Function of Semicircular Canals	Balance and Equilibrium
Vestibular and Cochlear Componet Combine together to form	Vestibulo-Cochlear Neve (8th Cranial Nerve)
Types of Hearing / Conduction	1. Air Conduction 2. Bone Conduction 3. Sensorineural Conduction
The liver breaks down glycogen into _____	Glucose
______ is due to a decrease in insulin secreation or decreased sensitivity to insulin	Diabetes Mellitus
_____ hormone stimulates tissue growth	Growth
The pancreas secretes _____ and _____	Insulin and Glucose
The _____ gland secretes thyroxine	Thyroid
Chemical Messengers released by endocrine glands are called _____	hormones
_____ moves calcium into bones	Calcitonin
____ feedback increases the magnitude of change	Positive
The ideal value for a body characteristic is called a _____	Set Point
The hormone that decreases urination is ______ hormone	Anti-Diuretic
_______ Hormone stimulates sperm production	Lutenizing
Uterine contractions are increased by the hormone _____	Oxytocin
The _____ gland is located in the upper thorax	Thymus
______ tissue uses gluclose from blood to form fat	Adipose
The ______ within the brian controls temperature	Hypothalamus
Many organs can secrete hormones and therefore have ______ - like functions	Endocrine
Addison's disease is caused by insufficient production of ____ corticosteroids	Adrenal
Appropriate blood glucose levels are vital for cellular _____	Respiration
If GH secretion is insufficient during childhood, children do not grow to the standard height. This is a type of _____	Dwarfism
If stress becomes chronic, the secretion of ______ and cortisol becomes pathological	Epinephrine
Hypopituitarism causes loss of any or all anterior ______ hormones, including ACTH, GH, LH, and TSH, causing a variety of symptoms.	Pituitary
Stature disorders result in well-below average height (called _____ ) or well-above normal height (called gigantism)	Dwarfism
Cushing's syndrome is caused by over-secretion of _____	Cortisol
The adrenal cortex makes dozen of steriod hormones known collectively as ______	adrenocorticosteriods
Glucagon puts glucose into the bloodstream mainly by directing the liver to release stored glucose in the form of _____	Glycogen
The ______ is largely responsible for maintaining blood sugar (glucose)levels at or near a set point	Pancreas
The adrenal glands are split into two region: the adrenal cortex, an outer layer, and the _____ the middle of the gland	Adrenal Medulla
______ triggers our sleep by peaking at night and causing drowsiness	Melatonin
The _____ gland, locatedd in the anterior portion of your neck and is responsible for secreting the hormones thyroxine (t4) and thriiodothyronine (t3), under orders from the pituitary gland	Thyroid
If any of the body's dozens of homeostatic values become seriously disrupted, the control systems work to bring them back to set point. This process is called _______	Negative Feedback
One special class of hormones, ____ is particularly powerful because they can bind to sites inside cells by passing eaisly through the target cell membrane	Steriods
The male gonad is responsible for secreting the hormone ____	Testosterone
_______ , the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is also an autoimmune disorder	Graves Disease
Diabetes insipidus is typically caused by an underproduction of ADH due to noncancerous _____ tumors	Pituitary
Generally, excessive _____ is the only symptom of diabetes insipidus	Urination
Hypopituitarism is characterized by the loss of any of all ____ pituitary hormones	Anterior
Stature disorders that result in well-below-average height are called _____	dwarfism
Oversecretion of growth hormone (GH) in adults, after bones have stopped growing, causes _____	Acromegaly
The most common cause of hypothyroidism is ______	Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
A common symptom of hyperthyroidism is _____	Grave's Disease
A _____ is the enlargement of the thyroid and can be the result of either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism	Goiter
______ is the primary side effect of insulin therapy	Hypoglycemia
If not resolved, _____ can progress to cause mental confusion, seizures, coma and even death	Hypoglycemia
_____ is caused by insufficient production of adrenal corticosteroids	Addison's Disease
______ causes excess cortisol in response to stressors	Chronic Stress
____ levels are increased during periods of stress	Cortisol
Chronic stress causes both physiological and _____ changes	Psychological
The ____ is the colored part of the eye	iris
The vitreous humor is in the chamber of the eye ____ the lense	behind
The globe-shaped organ of vision is the _____	eyeball
The ____ is the opening through which light passes into the eye	Cornea
____ is a disease characterized by increased pressure in the eye	Glaucoma
Nearsightedness is called ____	Myopia
Lazy eye is called _____	Amblyopia
If the eye cannot focus on nearby objects, the condition is called _____ or hyperopia	Farsightedness
Pinkeye is a medical condition called	Conjunctivitis
A clouded lens is called a	Cataract
The bones of the middle ear are the Malleus,Incus and ____	Stapes
The _____ is the external part of the ear	Auricle (Pinna)
The eardrum is also called the ______ membrane	Tympanic
The tube in the middle ear is called the ______	Eustachain Tube
Acute Conjunctivitis is commonly called _____ and is caused by staphlyococcus aureus	Pink Eye
Mastoiditis can potentially lead to _____ infections	Brain
In glaucoma, peripheral vision is reduced, which eventually progresses to ____ vision and then blindness	Tunnel
Otitis Media can perforate the _____ membrane (Eardrum)	Tympanic
Red/green color blindness is an x-linked disorder, so more _____ get the condition	men
Labyrinthitis is an inflammation of the ____ ear and is usually caused by infections and can cause vertigo	inner
Motion sickness occurs in response to excessive stimulation of the _____ receptors in the ears	propioception
Tinnitus can be caused by some medications, wax buildup, or various disturbances to the _____ nerve	Auditory
Hyperopia is when te eye cannot focus properly on _____ objects	Close
Chronic conjunctivitis is caused by _____ trachomatis	Chlamydia
Tinnitus can occur as a result of chronic exposure to loud ____	noises
The ____ or colored part of the eye helps regulate the amount of light that enters the eye	iris
The projecting part of the ear which collects and directs sound waves into the autitory canal is called the pinna or ____	External Ear
_____ (farsightedness) occurs when the eye cannot focus properly on nearby objects	Hyperopia
The ______ begins the inner ear and carries the amplified vibrations from the tympanic ossicles	Oval Window
Continued sensory stimulation causes some sensors to desensitize in an interesting phenomena called _____	Adaptation
Pain receptors are also called ____	Nociceptors
Pain is felt for as long as the stimulus is there that is causing it or unless a person is under ____	Anesthesia
The _____ glands produce tears, spread over the eye surfaces by blinking, which are needed for constant cleansing and lubrication	Lacrimal
The sclera contains a specialized portion called the _____ which is trasparent to allow light rays to pass into the eye	Cornea
______ is caused by increased pressure in the fluid of the eye, which interferes with optic nerve functioning	Claucoma
______ in an inflammation of the membrane that lines the eye characterized by pink or red swollen eyes	Conjuctivitis
The acute infective phase of conjunctivits is commonly called	Pink Eye
Chronic conjunctivitis is called	Trachoma
A _____ is a condition in which the lens loses its flexibility and transparency and light cannot pass through the clouded lens	Catarct
_____ is the reduction or loss of central vision in which the peripheral vision is unaffected	Macular Degeneration
_____ is the degeneration of the retina, which can cause difficulty seeing at night or in dim light	Nyctalopia
______ is an ifection of the ears caused by bacteria and fungi	External Otitis
_____ is an acute infection of the middle ear, commonly caused by a bacteria or virus, and is frequently found in infants and young children	Otitis Media
_____ is frequently associated with an Upper Respiratory Infection such as the common cold	Otitis Media
If left untreated, otitis media can cause a perforation of the ______ or eardrum	Tympanic Membrane
_____ is an inflammation of the inner ear and is usually caused by infections	Labyrinthitis
_____ is a chronic condition that affects the labyrinth and leads to progressive hearing loss and vertigo	Meniere's Disease
____ can be either partial or complete andn is caused by a variety of conditions, ranging from inflammation and scarring of the tympanic membrane to auditory nerve and brain damage	Deafness
Clinically, _____ can occur as a result of chronic exposure to loud noises, Meniere's Disease, some medications, wax build-up, or various disturbances to the auditory nerve	Tinnitus
Pineal Gland secretes what hormone	Melatonin
What does Melatonin control	Sleep and Wake
What does Hypothalamus produce	ADH and Oxytocin
Hypothalamus secretes What	Regulatory Hormones
What does Hypothalamus Effect	Controls Pituitary Hormone Levels
What are the two types of the Pituitary Gland	Anterior and Posterior
What hormone does the Posterior Pituitary release	Oxytocin and ADH
What does Pituitary effect	Controls other endocrine organs
Parathyroid Gland releases what hormone	Parathyroid Hormone
What does the Parathyroid Gland control	Calcium Homeostasis
Where are parathyroid glands located	either side of the thyroid
What are the sections of the Adrenal Gland	Medulla and Cortex
Inner part of the Adrenal Gland	Medulla
Outer part of the Adrenal Gland	Cortex
What hormone does the Medulla release	Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
What hormone does the Cortex release	Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, and aldoslerone
What hormone does the Thyroid Gland release 3 Throxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin (CT)
Where are the Adrenal Glands located	Top of the Kidney
What hormone does the Thymus release	Thymosin
Who has a Thymus	Children
What is the function of Thymus	Fight Infection; Immunity
What hormone does the pancreas release	Insulin and Glucogon
What is the function of the pancreas	Maintain Blood Sugar Level
What are the Female Gonads	Ovaries
What hormone does the Ovaries release	Estrogen and Progesterone
What are the Male Gonads	Testes
What hormone do Testes released	Androgens
Series of organs in body that secrete chemical messengers into blood stream	Endocrine System
Glands (like Sweat Glands) that secrete out of the body, but are not part of endocrine system that secrete into the body	Exocrine Glands
Chemical Messengers released by endocrine glands are called	Hormones
Powerful hormones that can bind INSIDE cells	Steroids
Class of hormones that directly affect the brain	Epinephrine
If any body characteristic becomes seriously abnormal, control systems work to bring it back to set-point via	Negative Feedback
When a body characteristic changes, this increases the magnitude of change	Positive Feedback
Control by Three-Tier Mechanism	1. Nervous System 2. Hormonal Control 3. Humeral Control
Uterine Contraction is an example of what	Positive Feedback Mechanism
Control by Nervous System	Nervous System
Release of Adrenaline is an example of what kind of control	Nervous System
Other Hormones Control secretion of main hormone	Hormonal Control
Release of thyroid hormone controlled by hypothalamus is an example of what kind of control	Hormonal Control
Control of hormone levels by blood chemistry	Humoral control
Insulin secretion depending on blood glucose level is an example of what kind of control	Humoral Control
What Gland is known as the "Master Gland"	Pituitary Gland
ADH	Anti Diuretic Hormone
What does ADH Decrease	Urination
What does Alcohol and Caffeine do to ADH	Turn Off ADH Production
DI	Diabetes Insipidus
Condition caused by under-production of ADH	Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
Primary Symptom of DI	Excessive Urination
This is important in maintaining uterine contractions during labor and is involved in milk production in nursing mothers	Oxytocin
GH	Growth Hormone
LH	Luteniinzing Hormone
FSH	Follicular Stimulating Hormone
TSH	Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
MSH	Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
PRL	Prolactin
ACTH	Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
What disease is caused by excess cortisol, usually due to benign pituitary tumor	Cushing’s Disease
Obesity, easy bruising, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and depression are all symptoms of what Disease	Cushing's
In Children, increased GH release leads to increased height. This is called	Gigantism
In Adults, increased GH release leads to big hands, legs, tongue, Jaw and forehead. This is called	Acromegaly
Growth Hormone Deficiency is a cause of what	Dwarfism
Where is the Thyroid Gland Located	Anterior Portion of the Neck
Condition characterized by deficient thyroid hormones	Hypothyroidism
Fatigue, feeling Cold, dry skin, constipation, wt gain, depression, and sexual dysfunction are all symptoms of what	Hypothyroidism
Autoimmune Hypothyroidism, commonly in females	Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Condition characterized by overproduction of thyroid hormones	Hyperthyroidism
Irritability, Feeling Hot, most skin, diarrhea, wt. loss, anxiety and nervousness and Infertile are all symptoms of what	Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism due to autoimmune attack on thyroid.	Graves’ Disease
Bulging Eye is a common finding in what	Grave’s Disease
Where is the Thymus Gland Located	Upper Thorax
Where is the Pinal gland found	within diencephalon of brain
What type of diabetes is Early Onset	Type I
Which Tpe of Diabetes is Insulin Dependent (IDDM)	Type I
Which type of diabetes is Late Onset	Type II
Which type of Diabetes is Non-Insulin Dependent (NIDDM)	Type II
The only treatment for Type I Diabetes is	Insulin
What treatment is recommended for Type II diabetes	1. Exercise 2. Oral Meds 3. Insulin
Characterized by insufficient production of adrenal corticosteroids	Addison's Disease
What is the Primary Hormone to cope with Stress	Cortisol
What is increased in Cushing's Disease	Cortisol
The Vision Center is located in _______ of the brain, crainal nerve associated with vision Optic Nerve	Occipital Lobe
Part of the eye that acts like a camera	Iris
Olfactory Sense	Sense of Smell
Tactile Sense	Sense of Touch
"Commander in Chief"	Hypothalamus
"Master Gland"	Pituitary Gland
"Master Drug"	Steroids
_____ is used in treatment of inflammation, organ rejection, immune disorders	Steriods like Prednisone
What is the 5th sense of taste	Umami
Taste for Glutamates	Umami
______ are a class of steriod molecules that cause large increases in muscle mass when compared to working out without steriods	Anabolic Steriods
____ is sense of body orientation	Propinoception
Ability to point to a body part with eyes closed; ability to know arm is raised without seeing it is an example of what	Propinoception

Created by: iamamandataylor

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