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water treatment def
defin water treatment plant operation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| atm | the abbreviation for atmosphere. One atmosphere is equal to 14.7 psi or 100 kPa. |
| Absorption | The taking in or soaking up of one substance into the body of another by molecular or chemical action (as tree roots absorb dissolved nutrients in the soil). |
| Acid Rain | Precipitation which has been rendered (made) acidic by airborne pollutants. |
| Appropriative | Water rights to or ownership of a water supply which is acquired for the beneficial use of water by following a specific legal procedure. |
| Aquifer | A natural underground layer of porous, water-bearing materials (sand, gravel) usually capable of yielding a large amount or supply of water. |
| Artesian | Pertaining to groundwater, a well, or underground basin where the water is under a pressure greater than atmospheric and will rise above the level of its upper confining surface if given an opportunity to do so. |
| Capillary Fringe | The porous material just above the water table which may hold water by capillarity (a property of surface tension that draws water upward) in the smaller void spaces. |
| Cistern | A small tank (usually covered) or a storage facility used to store water for a home or farm. Often used to store rainwater. |
| Contamination | The introduction into water of microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or wastewater in a concentration that makes the water unfit for its next intended use. |
| Cross Connection | A connection between a drink (potable) water system and an unapproved water supply. This mixing may lead to contamination of the drinking water. |
| Detention Time 1 | The theoretical (calculated) time required for a small amount of water to pass through a tank at a given rate of flow. |
| Detention Time 2 | The actual time in hrs, min or sec that a small amt of water is in a settling basin or rapid-mix chamber. In storage reservoirs, d. time is the length of time entering water will be held before being drafted for use (several weeks to years, several month |
| Detention Time formula | Detention time: hr = (Basin volume, gal)(24 hr/day) Flow, gal/day Detention time: hr = (Basin volume, gal)(24 hr/day) Flow, gal/day |
| Direct Runoff | Water that flows over the ground surface or through the ground directly into streams, rivers or lakes. |
| Drawdown 1 | The drop in the water table or level of water in the ground when water is being pumped from a well. |
| Drawdown 2 | The amount of water used from a tank or reservoir. |
| Drawdown 3 | The drop in the water level of a tank or reservoir. |
| Epidemiology | a branch of medicine which studies epidemics. The objective of epidemiology is to determine the factors that cause epidemic diseases and how to prevent them. |
| Evaporation | the process by which water or other liquid becomes a gas (water vapour or ammonia vapour). |
| Evaportranspiration | 1) The process by which water vapour passes into the atmosphere from living plants. 2) The total water removed from an area by transpiration (plants) and by evaporation from soil, snow and water surfaces. |
| Geological Log | A detailed description of all underground features discovered during the drilling of a well (depth, thickness and type of formations). |
| Hydrologic | process of evaporation of water into the air and its return to earth by precipitation (rain or snow). This process also includes transpiration from plants, groundwater movement, and runoff into rivers, streams and the ocean. Water Cycle. |
| Impermeable | Not easily penetrated. The property of a material or soil that does not allow, or allows only with great difficulty, the movement or passage of water. |
| Infiltration | seepage of groundwater into a sewer system, including service connections. Seepage frequently occurs through defective or cracked pipes, pipe joints, connections or manhole walls. |
| Microorganisms | Living organisms that can be seen individually only with the aid of a microscope. |
| Nonpotable | Water that may contain objectionable pollution, contamination, minerals, or infective agents and is considered unsafe and/or unpalatable for drinking. |
| Palatable | Water is a desirable temperature that is free from objectionable tastes, odours, colours and turbidity. Pleasing to the senses. |
| Pathogenic part a | Organisms, including bacteria, viruses or cysts, capable of causing diseases (giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, typhoid, cholera, dysentery) in a host (such as a person). |
| Pathogenic part b | There are many types of organisms which do NOT cause disease. These organisms are called non-pathogenic. |
| Percolation | The slow passage of water through a filter medium; or, the gradual penetration of slow and rocks by water. |
| Pollution | impairment (reduction) of water quality by agricultural, domestic, or industrial wastes (including thermal and radioactive wastes) to a degree that has an adverse effect on any beneficial use of water. |
| Potable | Water that does not contain objectionable pollution, contamination, minerals, or infective agents and is considered satisfactory for drinking. |
| Precipitation | process by which atmospheric moisture falls onto a land or water surface as rain, snow, hail, or other forms of moisture. chemical transformation of a substance in solution into an insoluble form (precipitate). |
| Prescriptive | Water rights which are acquired by diverting water and putting it to use in accordance with specified procedures. These procedures include filing a request (with a state agency) to use unused water in a stream, river or lake. |
| Raw Water | 1) Water in its natural state, prior to any treatment. 2) Usually the water entering the first treatment process of a water treatment plant. |
| Riparian | Water rights which are acquired together with title to the land bordering a source of surface water. The right to put to beneficial use surface water adjacent to your land. |
| Safe Water | Water that does not contain harmful bacteria, or toxic materials or chemicals. Water may have taste and odour problems, colour, and certain mineral problems and still be considered safe for drinking. |
| Safe Yield | annual quantity of water that can be taken from a source of supply over a period of years without depleting the source permanently (beyond its ability to be replenished naturally in “wet years”). |
| Sanitary Survey | detailed evaluation and/or inspection of a source of water supply and all conveyances, storage, treatment and distribution facilities to ensure protection of the water supply from all pollution sources. |
| Sewage | used household water and water-carried solids that flows in sewers to a wastewater treatment plant. The preferred term is Wastewater. |
| Short-circuiting | condition that occurs in tanks or basins when some of the flowing water entering a tank or basin flows along a nearly direct pathway from the inlet to the outlet.undesirable since it may result in shorter contact, reaction, or settling times in comparison |
| Stratification | formation of separate layers (of temperature, plant, or animal life) in a lake or reservoir. Each layer has similar characteristics such as all water in the layer has the same temperature. |
| Topography | arrangement of hills and valleys in a geographic area. |
| Transpiration | process by which water vapour is released to the atmosphere by living plants. This process is similar to people sweating. |
| Trihalomethanes THMs | Derivatives of methane, CH4, in which three halogen atoms (chlorine or bromine) are substituted for three of the hydrogen atoms. Often formed during chlorination by reactions with natural organic materials in the water. may cause cancer. |
| Turbidity | cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal matter.. In the waterworks field, a turbidity measurement is used to indicate the clarity of water. |
| Turbidity technical | Technically, turbidity is an optical property of the water based on the amount of light reflected by suspended particles. |
| Turbidity Units (TU) | measure of the cloudiness of water.If measured by a nephelometric (deflected light) instrumental procedure, turbidity units are expressed in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) or simply TU. |
| Wastewater | used water and water-carried solids that flow to a treatment plant. Storm water, surface water, and groundwater infiltration also may be included in the wastewater that enters a wastewater treatment plant. |
| Water Cycle | process of evaporation of water into the air and its return to earth by precipitation (rain or snow). This process also includes transpiration from plants, groundwater movement, and runoff into rivers, streams and the ocean. |
| Water Table | upper surface of the zone of saturation of groundwater in an unconfined aquifer. |
| Yield | quantity of water (expressed as a rate of flow – GPM, GPH, GPD, or total quantity per year) that can be collected for a given use from surface or groundwater sources. |
| Zone of Aeration | The comparatively dry soil or rock located between the ground surface and the top of the water table. |
| Zone of Saturation | soil or rock located below the top of the groundwater table. By definition, the zone of saturated with water. Also see Water Table. |
| acidic | condition of water or soil which contains a sufficient amt of acid substances to lower the pH below 7.0 |
| Acidified | addition of an acid (usually nitric or sulfuric) to a sample to lower the pH below 2.0. purpose of acidification is to "fix" a sample so it will not change until it is analyzed. |
| Acre-foot | volume of water that covers one acre to a depth of one foot, or 43,560 cubic feet (1233.5 cubic meters). |
| Activated carbon | Absorptive particles or granules of carbon usually by heating carbon (wood). These particles or granules have a high capacity to selectively remove certain trace and soluble materials from water. |
| Adsorbate | material being removed by the adsorption process. |
| Adsorbent | material (activated carbon) that is responsible for removing the undesirable substance in the absorption process. |
| Adsorption | gathering of a gas, loquid, or dissolved substance on the surface or interface zone of another material. |
| Aeration | process of adding air to water. Air can be added to water by either passing air through water or passing water through air. |
| Aerobic | condition in which atmospheric or dissolved molecular oxygen is present in the aquatic (water) environment. |
| Age Tank | a tank used to store a known concentration of chemical solution for feed to a chemical feeder. Also called a Day Tank. |
| Air Binding | clogging of a filter, pipe or pump due to the presence of air released from water. Air entering the filter media is harmful to both the filtration & backwash processes. Air can prevent the passage of water during the filtration process |
| Air Gap | an open vertical drop or empty space that separates a drinking water supply to be protected from another water system in a water treatment plant or other location. open gap prevents the contamination |
| Air Padding | Pumping dry air (dew point -40F) into a container to assist with the withdrawal of a liquid or to force a liquified gas such as chorline out of a container. |
| Air Stripping | A treatment process used to remove dissolved gases and volatile substances from water. Large vol. of air are bubbled through the water being treated to remove the dissolved gases and volitile substances. |
| Algae | microscopic plants which contain chlorophyll & live floating or suspended in water. Can also be attached to structures. Excess impact the taste & odour of water. |
| Algal Bloom | Sudden massive growths of microscopic & macroscopic plant life, blue or blue-green algae, which can under the proper conditions, develop in lakes and reservoirs. |
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