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Carapucci Waves Test
The waves and thermodynamics test in Mr. Carapucci's physics class
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Thermodynamics | The study of quantitative relationships between heat and other forms of energy |
| System | Is that part of the entire universe which we have selected for consideration |
| Surroundings (Environment) | Everything else in the universe |
| Open System | Mass may enter or leave |
| Closed System | No mass may enter or leave |
| Isolated System | If no energy passes across the boundaries |
| Nonisolated System | If energy does pass across the boundaries |
| Exothermic | Energy flows out of the (nonisolated) system |
| Endothermic | Energy flows into the (nonisolated) system |
| Internal Energy | Is the total potential and kinetic energy of the particles of a substance |
| Enthalpy | The internal energy and any energy due to the expansion possibilities of the system |
| Entropy | The property that describes the disorder of a system (the internal energy of a system that cannot be converted to mechanical energy) |
| Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics | Two systems individually in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium with each other |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | The quantity of energy (Q) supplied to any system in the form of heat = the work done by the system (W) + the change in internal energy of the system (dE) (Note: this is the basic law of conservation of energy as applied to internal and mechanical energy) |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics I | - Heat flows naturally from a hot object to a cold object; heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object - No device is possible whose sole effect is to transform a given amount of heat completely into work |
| Third Law of Thermodynamics | It is not possible to lower the temperature of any system to absolute zero in a finite number of states (absolute zero is unattainable) |
| Adiabatic Process | A process in which no heat is added to or removed from a system |
| Isothermal Process | A process that takes place at a constant temperature |
| Isobaric Process | A process that takes place at a constant pressure |
| Isochoric Process | A process that takes place at a constant volume |
| Wave | A disturbance that propagates through a medium or space |
| Pulse Wave | A wave that consists of a few disturbances (i.e. shock wave) |
| Periodic Wave (Continuous Wave) | The motions are repeated at regular intervals |
| Wavelength | The distance between any two successive identical points on a wave |
| Frequency | Is the number of complete cycles per unit of time (Hertz cycles per second) |
| Period | Is the time for one complete cycle (seconds per cycle) |
| Amplitude | Is the maximum displacement of a wave as measured from its equilibrium or undisturbed position (Angstroms or nanometers) |
| Transverse Wave | A wave in which the vibrations are at right angles to the direction of propagation of the wave |
| Longitudinal Wave | A wave in which the vibrations are parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave |
| Rectlinear Wave | The propagation of the advancing straight wave is perpendicular to the wave front |
| Circular Wave | The propagation of the advancing circular wave lie along radial lines away from the center of disturbance |
| Incidence | An approaching wave |
| Reflection | The return of a wave from the boundary of a medium |
| Angle of Incidence | The angle between the incident ray and the normal drawn to the point of incidence |
| Angle of Reflection | The angle between the reflected ray and the normal drawn to the point of incidence |
| Ray | A line drawn in the direction perpendicular to the wavefront |
| Wavefront | The portions of the medium surface in which particles are in the same motion |
| Diffraction | The spreading of a wave disturbance into a region behind an obstruction |
| Intensity | The power transferred across a unit area perpendicular to the direction of energy flow |
| Damping | The reduction in the amplitude of a wave due to the dissipation of wave energy |
| Wave Crest | The top part of a wave |
| Wave Trough | The bottom part of a wave |
| Sound | The series of disturbances in matter to which the human ear is sensitive. Also, similar disturbances in matter above and below the normal range of human hearing. |
| Audio Range (Audio Spectrum) | The audio range of frequences between 20 and 20,000 Hertz |
| Ultrasonic | Vibrations in matter above 20,000 Hertz |
| Infrasonic | Vibrations in matter below 20 Hertz |
| Sonic Spectrum | The frequency range of sound |
| Superposition | Combining the displacements of two or more waves vectorially to produce a resultant displacement |
| Standing Wave | The resultant of two wave trains of the same wavelength, frequency, and amplitude, traveling in opposite directions through the same medium |
| Interference | Refers to what happens when two waves pass through the same region of space at the same time |
| Constructive Interference | When two standing waves approach each other on the same side of the equilibrium line, collide, separate, and continue to move in the same direction as before the collision |
| Destructive Interference | When two standing waves approach each other on different sides of the equilibrium line, collide, separate, and continue to move in the same direction as before the collision |
| Beat | The interference effect resulting from the superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies, propagating in the same direction. The amplitude of the resultant wave varies with time. |
| Node | A point of no disturbance in a standing wave |
| Loop (Antinode) | A midpoint of a vibrating segment of a standing wave |
| Resonance | The inducing of vibrations of a natural rate by a vibrating source having the same frequency |
| Fundamental | The lowest frequency of sound produced by an instrument |
| Harmonics (Overtones) | The fundamental and the tones frequencies are whole number multiples of the fundamentals |
| Rarefraction | The region of a longitudinal wave in which the vibrating particles are farther apart than their equilibrium distance |
| Compression | The region of a longitudinal wave in which the distance separating the vibrating particles is less than their equilibrium distance |
| Refraction | The bending of a wave disturbance as it passes obliquely from one medium to another |
| Angle of Refraction | The angle between the refracted ray and the normal drawn to the point of refraction |
| Pitch | Is the characteristic of sound that depends on the frequency that the ear receives |
| Loudness | The sensation that depends principally on the intensity of sound waves reaching the ear |
| Quality | The property of sound waves that depends on the number of harmonics and their prominence |
| Production of Sound I | - Compression waves propagate as longitudinal disturbances - The disturbances consist of compression and rarefraction - These disturbances give rise to elastic forces in the propagating medium |
| Law of Reflection | When a wave disturbance is reflected at the boundary of a transmitting meduim, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection |
| Doppler Effect | The change observed in the frequency with which a wave from a given source reaches an observer when the source and the observer are in relative motion |
| Production of Sound II | - The particles of the medium acquire energy from the vibrating source and enter the vibrational mode themselves - The wave energy is passed along to adjacent particles as the periodic waves travel through the medium |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics II | - The total entropy of any system plus that of its surroundings increases as a result of any natural process |
Created by:
smhill818
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