Help

Options

focusNode

Didn't know it?
click below

Knew it?
click below

Don't Know

Remaining cards (0)

Know

retry

shuffle

restart

0:00

Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

Semester 1 bio pap

Question	Answer
plants manufacture ____________, _________, and ______________	sugars, starches and oils
photosynthesis uses __________ and ___________ to make ____________ and ______________.	carbon dioxide and water sugar and oxygen
the structure of a leaf is optimized for _________ ________	absorbing light
Essay: What controls water loss in a leaf	cuticle layer of epidermis stoma on bottom on most leaves action of guard cells use of water pressure to govern guard cell opening and closing
Name the parts of the leaf's transport system	sylem phloem gathered into bundles surrounded by parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells
The bulk of most leaves consist of ground tissue called	mesophyll
function of palasade mesophyll	absorb light
function of spongy mesophyll	air spaces for CO2 and O2 and water vapor exchange with the stomata
define transpiration	loss of water through leaves
lost water from transpiration is replaced by	water drawn into the leaf through xylem vessels in the vascular tissue
define plant cell respiration	when plant cells use food they respire, taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide just as animals do
what would happen if stomata were open all the time	water loss due to transpiration would be so great that plant would die.
What determines whether guard cells are open or closed	water pressure
what is the mechanism of guard cells opening and closing	higher water pressure they open because pressure causes outer curved surface to bend (thinner). When water pressure down, the outer wall collapses in and stoma closes
Guard cells also respond to conditions in the environment such as _______ and _________ to maintain leaf _____________	sun and wind homeostasis
Essay: describe how the structure of the leaf is optimized for light absorption	tightly packed palisade mesophyll cells on top surface of leaf function is to absorb light blade of leaf open to light
Describe the cell types found in a typical leaf	upper epidermis and cuticle mespophyll - spongy and palisade stomata and guard cells lower epidermis
Essay: Are stomata more likely to be open or closed ona hot day? Explain.	Stomata are open to optimize photosynthesis but not open so much as to lose critical amounts of water. On a hot day, stomata are likely to be closed to protect from water loss and protect homeostasis.
Essay:Identify the parts of a leaf that make up its transport system. Analyze how some of these parts may be though of as a transport subsystem	xylem phloem bundles vein stems petioles
Essay: Describe how does water transport occur in plants?	1. xylem forms a continuous set of tubes 2.stretch from roots through stems to spongy mesophyll. 3. ACTIVE transport and root pressure cause water to move from soil into plant ROOTS.
The combination of 3 forces provides enough pressure to move water from roots to the top of the tallest trees. What are the 3 forces?	1. root pressure 2. capilary action 3. transpiration. (the most powerful of the 3 forcesa)
What is capillary action?	water molecules attracted to one another by cohesion. Because of cohesion, water molecules have a tendency to form HYDROGEN BONDS with one another.
What does capillary action have to do with water movement through xylem?	Xylem is two types of tissue...tracheids and vessel elements. Both form hollow tubes. Capillary action in the tube like structures causes water to rise above ground level
What is transpiration?	When water is lost through transpiration, osmotic pressure moves water out of the vascular tissue. Like train pulling hundreds of cars, water pulled upward through vascular system all the way from roots.Called transpirational pull
How is transpiration controlled?	1. water abundant, raises guard cell water pressure, stoma open 2. Water pressure low, opposite happens, stoma close
How does wilting help a plant to conserve water?	osmotic pressure down reduced pressure in cells stoma lower pressure in guard cells, close, conserve water
What is function of the phloem?	carries sugars through plant. Example, carry sugars into fruits, carry sugar into roots to store in winter, carry stored food back into the trunk and branches before growth begins again in the spring
What does Phloem transport do?	move sugars from 'source' to 'sink'
What is a 'source cell' in phloem transport?	Any cell where sugar is produced
What is a 'sink cell' in phloem transport?	Any cell where sugars are used or stored
How does phloem transport take place	pressure-flow hypothesis.
Describe pressure-flow hypothesis mechanics to move nutrients out of nutrient producing cells	1. sugars are pumped into the phloem,SOURCE 2. concentration of sugar increases in phloem, water from XYLEM moves in by OSMOSIS. 3. movement causes an increases in pressure, forcing nutrients to flow away from nutrient producing to nutrient using area.
Describe pressure flow mechanisim to move nutrients anywhere in the plant needed?	When nutrients are pumped into or removed from phloem, change in concentration causes movement of fluid in same direction. As result phloem can move nutrients in EITHER direction to meet nutritional needs of plant.
Essay from Daily Learning Objective: Compare how many stomata and guard cells appear in each layer. Explain how guard cells regulate the opening and closing. What are the outcomes of opening and closing.	The ratio of stomata in the lower epidermis vs. upper epidermis was 5 to 2. -many more stomata in the lower -helps preserve water -optimizes photosynthesis. -photosynthesis slowed when stomata closed
A leaf blade is a major _________ for photosynthesis in plants	organ
Function of mesophyll	O2, CO2 and water vapor exchange
Function of petiole	transport
function of stem	transport
function of cuticle	waterproof, reduce water loss
function of palisade mesopyll	photosynthesis
function of vein	xylem and phloem transport
function of guard cells	open and close stoma
function of stoma	balance air exchange with water loss
Plants transport materials from roots through stems to leaves by way of tissue known as _________ tissue	vascular
Where are there more chloroplasts, palisade layer mesophyll or spongy layer mesophyll	palisade layer
what connects the air spaces of the spongy mesophyll with the atmosphere	stoma
Where is the water vapor that enters through the stoma going in the leaf?	spongy mesophyll to keep cells moist and aid exchange of gases
Essay: Explain how guard cells/stoma control water loss due to transpiration	Guard cells control opening and closing of stoma. If water pressure is high, guard cells are curved open because they have a thin outer wall. This pulls thick inner walls away and open stoma. With low water pressure, opposite hapens. Humidity, wind, heat
On the ecosystem level, energy transfer is from __________ to __________ to _______.	sunlight, autotroph, heterotroph
On the cellular level, which organelles are involved in the flow of energy?	chloroplast and mitochondria
Is energy flow one way or cyclical?	one way
Is nutrient flow one way or cyclical?	cyclical
What type of organisms can conduct photosynthesis?	bacteria? Y protists? Y (some) fungi? N plants? Y animals? N
Do all the organisms that can conduct photosynthesis possess chloroplasts? which ones do?	no. Plants, some protists. Bacteria DO NOT
How do bacteria conduct photosynthesis without chloroplasts?	mesosome
Write the full equasion for photosynthesis	6 H2O + 6 CO2 ---> C6 H12 + 6 O2
Water and carbon dioxide are inorganic or organic compounds?	inorganic
Water provides what atoms for photosynthesis?	H atoms (with their electron and proton)
Carbon dioxide is a source of _________ for organic compounds such as _______, ________, ________ and __________. Can you name others?	some organic compounds such as sugar, amino acids, fatty acids and glyucoid. Others: Nucleotides
Sunlight is absorbed and the energyis used to boost _________ from hydrogen atoms to a higher _______ state	electrons energy
Those high energy electrons and protons will be ___________ in a series of reactions	captured
High energy electrons are eventually ________ in organic compounds (cemical energy( in molecules like _______.	stored glucose
When water donates H atoms, what will be left over?	O
Plants use the oxygen from photosynthesis for what purpose? All of it?	Cellular respiration No.
What kinds of organisms obtain energy from organic compounds and transfer that energy to ATP molecules? Bacteria? DO ALL THESE organisms have MITOCHONDRION? Which ones do not? How do they get their energy from organic compounds? Protists? Fungi? P	Bacteria Y Protists Y Fungi Y Plants Y Animals Y NO NOT all have mitochondrion. ???? ????
Write the overall equasion for cellular respiration	C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 ----> 6 JH2O + 6 CO2 + 36 ATP
__________ are stripped from organic compounds such as glucose and used in a series of reactions to produce _______ molecules	high energy H2O and CO2
More energy is obtained when _____ is present. Why?	O2 electro negative
define autotrophs	obtain energy from non living sources
define heterotrophs	obtain energy from other organisms
define photoautotrophs	autotrophs such as plants that depend on photosynthesis for both energy and carbon compounds
define chemoautotrophs	BACTERIA obtain energy from oxidizing inorganic substances such as iron, sulfur, or other minerals (live in conditions that they cannot have sunlight nor use photosynthesis such as in hot salty springs.)Use the energy to form SUGARS from CARBON DIOXIDE
define thylakoid	closed sacs, part of an organized structure called a chloroplast. Has an outer chloroplast membrane.
what is a stack of thylakoids called	granum
what is the space surrounding the thylakoid called? What happens in the stroma?	stroma. Enzymes in the stroma catalyze the formation of sugar from Co2 and H2O using the light energy captured in the thylakoids.
The process of photosynthesis involves three energy conversions. What are they?	1. absorption of light energy 2. conversion of light into chemical energy 3. storage of chemical energy in the form of sugars
Why does photosynthesis not stop with the synthesis of ATP and NADPH? There are 2 reasons.	1. ATP and NADPH are not stable. Plant cannot store or transport energy in this form 2. Light reactions do not produce new carbon compounds that the organism can use to grow...instead need Calvin cycle to produce the sugars
In one sentence, what does the Calvin cycle do?	Completes the process of photosynthesis to form the sugars that he organism can use to grow.
Where does the calvin cycle occur in the plant?	In the stroma of a chloroplast.
The organ of photosynthesis is the _______	leaf
There are 3 main tissues involved in photosynthesis. Name them and any sub tissues	1. Epidermal -guard cells -stomata 2. Vascular - xylem - phloem 3. Ground tissue -parenchyma cells -slerenchyma cells for support
What are parenchyma cells and slerenchyma cells for support...describe	-large central vacuoles -surrounded by thin layer of CYTOSOL -packed with chloroplasts -site of photosynthesis
What organelle does photosynthesis?	chloroplast
What are the parts within the chloroplast organelle?	1. thylakoid membrane of disks 2. Stroma
Whitch part of the photosynthesis cycle do the thylakoid membrandes do...light or light-independent?	light
Which part of the photosynthesis reaction do the stroma do...light or light-independent	light - independent the Stroma do the Calvin cycle
There are 7 inputs required for photosynthesis. List them	1. water 2. CO2 3. sunlight 4. pigments 5. enzymes 6. ADP and P1 7. NADP+
What are the 3 main molecules that make up ATP?	Adenine Ribose 3 phosphate groups
In the big picture, what happens in photosynthesis?	H2O gets oxydized CO2 gets reduced (in making glucose)
What is oxidation	loss of electrons (oil)
What is reduction	gain of electrons (rig)
What does 'LEO goes GER' mean?	Loss of Electrons is oxidation goes Gain of electrons is reduction
Essay:How does a plant obtain water?	...
Essay: How does a plant conserve water?	...
Essay: What determines whether a stoma will be open or closed?	...
Essay: What is happening if water vapor is escaping from the stomata?	...
Essay: What environmental condition is best to keep stomata open and photosynthesis rate at optimum?	...
Question from Powerpoint: Beside the ocean, what is the greatest reservoir for CO2?	??? limestone
How does a plant obtain CO2	from air exchange through stoma and spongy mesophyll
On most plants, where are the stomata and guard cells found? Why?	lower epidermis. Less heat hence less water loss than upper epidermis. Also leaves upper epidermis free for more photosynthesis, light absorbing
What happens to CO2 if stomata are open?	optimized uptake
What happens to CO2 uptake if stomata are closed?	minimal
Units of sunlight energy are known as packets or ________	photons
define photon	discrete bundle or quantum of light or electromagnetic energy
Where are the pigments of the leaf located?	in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast
what is a photosystem?	large clusters of thylakoid membranes
What is a porphyrin ring?	the light absorbing head of the chlorophyll molecule
What are the 4 main pigments associated with phgotosynthesis in leaves?	1. chlorophylls A
blue green B
yellow green 2. Xanthophyll -bright yellow 3. Carotene - yellow orange 4. other pigments - Anthocyanin (blue or red depending on pH)
What is the purpose of 'light reactions'?	'use sunlight, H2O, NADP+ and ADP + PO4 to make NADPH and ATP
What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle light INDEPENDENT reactions?	use NADPH and ATP and CO2 to make glucose (or other building blocks of organic compounds)
Where are chemicals for the Calvin cycle stored?	stroma
The ___________________ reactions take place within the saclike___________ that are located in the organelle known as the ________.	light B reactions thylakoid disk chloroplast
Sunlight is captured by clusters of pigment molecules called __________ that contain several hundred ___________ molecules as well as a number of accessory pigments.	photosystems chlorophyll
Electrons are passed from one ________ to the next during the process of ___________	carrier electron transport
________ is split to produce hydrogen ions, ________ gas, and ___________ that replace those lost by chlorophyll	H2O oxygen 4 e-
An enzyme uses the energy created by a difference in changes across a membrane to add a _____________ group to ADP to form _________	phosphate ATP
The light reactions use ________, ___________ and __________ and produce ___________, _________ and ____________.	sunlight NADP+ ADP + PO4- produce: NADPH O2
In the _____________ or Calvin cycle, the energy from the __________ and ________ produced in the light reactions is used to convert ______ into G3P (or PGAL)and other biologicallyh important molecules	light independent NADP ATP CO2
In the first reaction of the Calvin cycle, which is catalyzed by the enzyme ________ a 5-carbon sugar (_______) combines with ___ to make ___________.	rubisco rubp CO2 six carbon sugar
_________ and _______ are used to drive the following reactions and _______ is generated. This molecule is used to make __________ and other biologically important molecules.	ADP NADPH G3P glucose
__________ must be regenerated so the Calvin cycle can occur again and again	RUBP
Explain why the different pigments move different distances (speeds) in the paper chromotagraphy lab	The pigments move at different rates/distances because of 1.different adhesions to the paper (H bonds) 2. different levels of solubility in the solvent.
Electrons from photosystem II move throug the transport system to REPLACE electrons LOST from ___________	photosystem I
When tw water molecules are oxidized in the light-dependent reaction it becomes _________ + ______ + _____	2H2O ----> 4 H+ + 4e- + O2
At the beginning of the Calvin cycle, a molecule of CO2 combines with the 5-carbon sugar-phosphate, RuBP. This reaction is known as _________________	carbon dioxide fixation because it 'fixes' carbon dioxide gas into an organic molecule.
When carbon is fixed, it immediately is an unstable 6-carbon molecule that splits into _________	two molecules of the 3-carbon acid PGA
As the Calvin cycle continues, a series of enzymatic reactions combines and rearranges molecules of _____ eventually producing a 5-carbon sugar phosphate.	PGAL
The final step of the Cavin cycle uses an ATP molecuile from the light reactions to add a __________ to the 5-carbon sugar phosphate. This produces a molecule of the starting material, _______ thus completing the cycle.	second phosphate group RuBP
Three turns of the Calvin cycle, each turn incorporating one molecule of CO2, result in the formation of _______ molecules of ________.	6 PGAL
Of these 6 molecules of PGAL, _ are required to regenerate RuBP	5
The 6th one is availble for the organism to use for __________	maintenance and growth.
Define photoinhibition	concition that reduces rate of photosynthesis.EX: temperature, sunlight intensity
Effect of temperature onf photosynthesis shows that plants do photosynthesis best between what two temps?	20-30 degrees C.
Define cellular respiration	break down sugar into CO2 + H2O + ATP
each step of cellular respiration is catalyzed by an	enzyme
Is cellular respiration with or without oxygen?	Either way
What is aerobic respiration	with oxygen. oxygen is the oxydizing agent that RECEIVES electrons from the decomposed substrates
what is anerobic respiration	without oxygen. Since there is no oxygen, a nitrogen or sulfur may substitute for oxigen.
the raw materials for aerobic respiration are	carbohydrates, fats, proteins
In the big picture, what is the formula for cellular respiration with oxygen?	C6H12O6 + 6O2 --enzymes--> 6CO2 + 6H20 +energy
When aerobic respiration oxygizes a molecule of glucose, does it release energy as 1 step or in small little steps? why?	if release as one step,there would be so much energy released that the cell would 'burn up' from heat and would waste energy
Aerobic respiration happens in 3 stages, what are the 3 stages?	1. glycolysis 2. krebs cycle 3. electron transport system
What happens in the glycolysis phase?	enzymes oxydize glucose and split it into 2 3-carbon molecules(called pyruvic acid) + some ATP
What happens in the Krebs cycle phase?	The two 3-carbon molecules (pyruvic acid) that were produced in glycolysis are now completely oxidized into CO2 + more ATP
True or false? whenever one substance is oxidized, another must be reduced	true
We said that glycolysis produces some ATP. Glycolysis also requires ATP as input. What is the net # of ATP moledules produced by glycolysis	2 ATP net. 2 ATP are invested 4 ATP are produced like getting 100% interest on your investment
What happens to NADH in glycolysis phase?	NAD+ accepts a pair of high energy electrons to become NADPH. NADH's job is to hold the electrons and help pass the energy to the next stage. (for exmaple, in aerobic, sends the energy to the electron transport chain.
The glycolysis phase itself, of respiration, does glycolysis require oxygen or not?	no
The step of glycolysis takes place where in the cell?	cytoplasm
The step of Krebs cycle takes place where in the cell?	mitochondrion
The step of Electron transport chain takes place where in the cell	mitochondrion
When O2 is not present, the stage after glycolysis is	fermentation
Define fermentation	release energy from food molecules in absence of oxygen
the two main types of fermentation are:	1. alcohol fermentation 2. lactic acid fermentation
What is the overall formula for alcohol fermentation:	pyruvic acid + NADH ----> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
What are the end products of alcohol fermentation?	alcohol, CO2 and NAD+ It can cause bread to rise. The bubbles you see in bread are CO2 bubbles
What is the overall formaula for lactic acid fermentation?	pyruvic acid + NADH ---> lactic acid + NAD+
What are a couple of real world examples of lactic acid fermentation?	1. in your muscles when you exercise hard (can't get enough oxygen so it is anerobic) 2. unicellular organisms produce lactic acid as a waste product. For example prokaryotes are used to make cheese and yogurt and sour cream.
Who is the Krebs cycle named after?	Hans Krebs, british biochemist, discobered it in 1937. He discobered that pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 + energy in a series of reactions.
What's another name for the Krebs cycle?	the citric acid cycle....because citric acid is the first compound formed in the Krebs cycle.
In the big picture, what is the output of the Krebs cycle?	generates high-energy electrons that are passed to NADH and FADH2 which then go to the electron transport chain
How much ATP is produed by 1 molecule of glucose in ANEROBIC respiration	just 2 ATP
How much ATP is produced by 1 molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration?	36 ATP
How are the formulas for Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration with oxygen similar or different?	Exact opposites. photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O ---->C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 (energy required) Cellular respiration 6O2 + C6H12O6--->6CO2 + 6 H2O (releases energy)
What are the 3 phases of Interphase?	G1 S (DNA Synthesis G2
What are the 3 major phases of the cell cycle	1.Interphase- what the cell is doing if not in mytosis /cytokinesis. 3 subphases of interphase -G1 -S -G2 2. M
Mitotic phase (nuclear division) 3. C phase: cytokinesis (cytoplasm divides)
What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (part of interphase)	G1: 1.-first or primary growth phase of the cell. Cell grows the most in size 2.-Active RNA and protein synthesis 3.-Synthesis of various enzymes and other proteins necessary for DNA replication 4.-Histones (packaging proteins are also being synthesi
What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle (part of interphase)	synthesis phase 1.-cell synthesizes a copy of the genome (all genetic material of cell)(doubles the amount) 2.-Double stranded DNA is replicated 3.-RNA and protein synthesis continues
What happens in G2 phase of the cell cycle (part of interphase)	second growth phase- prepare for separation of genome 1.-Mitochondria and other organelles (llike centrioles) replicate -2.RNA and protein synthesis continues 3.-Proteins needed for mitotic phase (actin for microfilaments and microtubules) are produced
What happens in M phase of the cell cycle. M
Mitosis	Mitosis (nuclear division) microtubule spindle apparatus assembles, binds to the chromosomes, and moves the sister chromatids apart (nucleus divides) Subdivided into 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
What happens in C phase of the cell cycle	cytokinesis cytoplasm divides
What does a duplicated metaphase chromosome look like?	duplicated metaphase chromosome
The next picture is the G2 phase of Interphase . Memorize where on picture you would find: -Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) -Aster (spokes coming from centrosomes) -Chromatin duplicated -Nuclear envelope -Plasma membrane -nucleolus
The next picture is Prophase. Memorize where on the picture you would find: -early mitotic spindle -centromere -chromosome consisting of two sister chromatids
What 3 major structures would you see in a metaphase phase cell
What 2 major structures would you see in a cell in Anaphase?	-daughter chromosomes -spindles
What 3 major structures would you see in a cell in Telophase and Cytokinesis?	Nuclear envelope forming Nucleolus forming Cleavage furrow
For essay question: memorize the 4 detailed steps of what happens to a plant cell in the Cytokinesis phase.	1. as mitosis ends, vesicles converge at spindle equator. They contain cementing material for a new cell wall. 2. cell plate starts forming AS membranes of the vessicles fuse. Materials inside the vesicles get sandwiched between 2 new membranes that elon
For essay question, study the 3 detailed steps of what happens in Cytokinesis phase in Animal cell	1. Mitosos is over and the spindle is disassembling 2. at former spindle EQUATOR a ring of MICROFILAMENTS attach to the plasma membrane and contracs. As it contracts, it pulls the cell surface inward. 3. Contractions continue until the ring cuts the cel
What is purpose and result of mitosis	1.Growth 1 cell to 2, 2 cells to 4
growth. -unicellular organisms such as amoebas do asexual reproduction 2. Two daughter cells that contain info identical to that of the parent cell
How are new cells used?	-in repair -replace cells that die -replace damaged cells
If an organism has 46 chromosomes per cell, after mitosis and cytokinesis, each daughter cell will have____ chromosomes	46
What are 'cyclins'?	proteins that accumulate and rapidly disappear as the cell cycle progresses
What phases of the cell cycle are Cyclins especially important	G1 checkpoint and M checkpoint (learning about others)
What other proteins do cyclins activate	kinases
What 2 functions in the cell cycle CONTROL do kinases do?	1. kinases activate phosphorylation of molecules such as enzymes (what would this do?) 2. kinases involved in activation of gene expression so proteins needed for cell cycle to progress
Uncontrolled cell growth?	cancer
ESSAY QUESTION: DEFINE CELL DIVISON in PROKARYOTES and list the 2 steps (with 3 sub steps) in order	DEFINITION: binary fission occurs. It is asexual reproduction (meaning the daughter cells are clones of the parent cells unless mutations occur) Steps: 1. DNA replicated a. DNA polymerase is main enzyme b. starts at origin of replication c. progr
Diagram and label the steps of cell division in PROKARYOTES
What would a picture of PROKARYOTE cell division look like?	prokaryote cell division.
What is purpose of cell division in Eukaryotes (Animals)?	called Mitosis 1. grow, repair, regenerate.
ESSAY QUESTION. What is involved in mitosis in Eukaryotes (animals) asexual or sexual reproduction?	asexual reproduction occurs in somatic (body cells) involves one round of cell division daughter cells are clones of parent cells diploid cell produces 2 diploid cells
ESSAY QUESTION: What is definition and steps of meiosis in Eukaryotes (animals)?	-Meiosis takes place in the germinal (germ) cells of testes and ovaries -Purpose
make sex cells (sperm and egg) also known as GAMETES -Involves 2 rounds of cell division -Produces cells with 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the somatic (parent) cells -Diploid cell produces 4 haploid cells
Compare and contrast meiosis purpose and result with mitosis purpose and result	Meiosis..............................\|. Mitosis make sex cells..................\|. dup cells for growth 2 rounds cell division .......\|.1 round cell division cells 1/2 # chromosomes\| .same # chromosom diploid cell makes 4 haploid\| diploid cell make 2
Look at a picture of chromosome duplication in mitosis. Be able to lable -centromere -separation of sister chromatids -distribute new chromosomes to daughter cells
ESSAY QUESTION: Explain what a cell is doing in interphase	...
ESSAY QUESTION: Sequence the events of mitosis and cytokinesis	...
ESSAY QUESTION: Explain what happens to chromatin as it condenses into chromosomes in prophase and then in telophase reverts back to chromatin	...
ESSAY QUESTION: How does a metaphase chromosome differ from chromatin?	...
ESSAY QUESTION: Distinguish between cytokinesis in animal cells vs. plant cells	...
Contrast the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis	MITOSIS \|.........................CYTOKINESIS -nuclear division\|............. -cytoplasm division -includes prophase\|........ -very different in plants metaphase ........................vs. animals anaphase telophase
What is happening to these cells? How is this event important to the growth of mult icellular organisms	...
What does inter mean?	between, Latin
What is the G0 phase? What is another name for it?	It is NOT part of interphase nor mitosis nor cytokinesis. It is the gap where no growth or development happens. In order for a cell to enter the cell cycle in G1, the cell must commit to the form by passing the RESTRICTION POINT (R).
The restriction point is also called what?	'the point of no return'
cyto means what?	cell, greek
kinesis or kinetic means what?	movement in Latin and Greek
How does the importance of cell division differ in unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes?	...
What is the major event in M phase? S phase? G0 phase?	...
What determines whether a cell stays in interphase or divides?	...
What are some factors that might influence the cell cycle?	...
Explain why DNA replication is important in cell division	...
The process of DNA replication depends on the _____________ of DNA and its nucleotide bases	molecular shapes
Base pairing depends on what?	how many hydrogen bonds each nitrogen base can form with its counterpart
In eukaryotes, DNA replication involves how many enzymes and other proteins?	more than 20
What are the 3 major parts of DNA replication?	1. enzymes and other proteins bind to the DNA at a replication origin forming a replisome 2. enzymes use energy from ATP to unwind the DNA double helix 3. DNA polymerase catalyzes new matching strand for each old DNA strand
Replica means what?	copy in Latin
-some means?	body in Greek
What specific regions of chromosomes do enzymes and other proteins involved in DNA synthesis bind to?	-replication origins
DNA polymerase can add nucleotides to what part of a nucleic acid strand? Can it only add nucleotides onto pre-existing nucleic acid strands or can it make its own DNA strand?	only to the end of existing nucleic acid strands
What is semiconservative replication?	replication in which each new double helix contains one strand of old DNA and one strand of new DNA
A DNA molecule wraps around ___________ proteins to form ______, the basic packing unit of eukaryotic chromosomes	histone, nucleosomes
How can all that DNA fit in the nucleus without getting tangled?	The core of each nucleosome is a disk made up of 8 protein molecules. 2 each of 4 proteins are called histones. Because each histone protein has 3 alpha helix sections, the DNA molecule contacts each histone at 6 points, once per turn of the DNA helix.
How can cells squeeze all that negatively charged DNA into a tiny nucleus?	The core of each nucleosome is a disk made up of 8 protein molecules. 2 each of 4 proteins are called histones. Histone proteins are basic, having strong positive charges that balance the negative charges of DNA.
The first line of defense against DNA replication errors is____________	DNA polymerase proof reads its own work.
Mutagenic chemicals are what?	Cause mutations in DNA
The process by which mutations are repaired is known as what?	Excision repair
Mutat- means	to change, Latin
Gen- means	create or produce, Latin
cise- means	cut, Latin
What are the 3 different roles of DNA polymerase?	1. proofreads 2. replaces 3. makes DNA copy
What is the separation of sister chromatids called?	chromosome segregation
What is a cell called when it has an abnormal number of chromosomes?	aneuploid
not good form
Kinetochore means?	Within each centromere is a protein complex. Kinetochores attach to the chromitid and to the microtubules
ESSAY QUESTION: What is a theory of how the role of microtubules has changed over time in mitosis?	Nuclear envelope has become less important over time as microtubules took more of a role in separating the chromosomes
How do chromosomes move during mitosis?	Kinetochore move along the spindle fiber as the proteins in the spindle fiber become hydrolized and break down. Think of it as a bridge just falling. The hydrolized material is falling, the chromosomes attached to the microtubules pull apart.
Why don't cells keep duplicating their chromosomes until the sister chromitids have separated?	...
What prevents mitosis from starting before the cell has completed S phase?	cyclins regulate cell cycle. The most important cyclins are G1 cyclins and miotic cyclins
Why are cyclins so important?	Insures that the mitosis events occur in proper order and right times
How would a cell respond if its DNA was copied very inaccurately?	Respond by sending out a signal to other cells like white blood cells that it is foreign material. This is called cell suicide.
If something goes wrong during the cell cycle, what stops the cell cycle so repairs can be made?	Eukaryotic cells have an elaborate system called 'checkpoint control' that monitors the condition of the DNA, chromosomes and mitotic spindle.
What is metastasis?	It is a process in which tumor tissue or cells break off and spread around the body
What are genes called that are involved in promoting cell division?	protooncogenes
What are genes called when they inhibit cell division?	Tumor suppressors
What happens when the checkpoint control detects an error in the DNA?	quickly halts the cell cycle until repairs are made. This is called 'cell cycle arrest.' If the spindle is damaged, checkpoint proteins inhibit meiotic cyclin-kinase system
Explain why neither cyclins nor kinases alone can cause a cell to progress through the cell cycle?	Cyclins activate kinases. Kinases in turn activate enzymes needed for the cell cycle to progress.
Kinetochores are also known as what type of protein?	motor proteins
Where are membranes in prokaryotic cells?	only plasma membrane
where are membranes in Eukaryotic cells?	many -plasma membrane -nuclear membrane -ER membrane (rough and smooth) -golgi apparatus -all other membrane bound organelles: - mitochondria -chloroplsts -lysosomes -vacuoles
What is function of membrane in eukaryotic cells?	form boundaries
What are 4 functions of the plasma/cell membrane?	1. form boundary between cell and environment 2. control movement of molecules in and out movement can be ACTIVE or PASSIVE 3. regulate rate at which substances (food, water, oxygen, waste) enter or leave cell 4. helps maintain homeostasis
What is function of membrane around organelles?	Provides structure for METABOLISM 1.enzymes may be embedded in membranes 2. enzymes may be enclosed in membrane bound sacs, known as vesicles, within cells
What are the 2 characteristics of the STRUCTURE of the PLASMA membrane?	1. amazingly thin 2. main component is PHOSPHOLIPIDS --head polar, tail non polar, phospholipid bilayer
What does the phospholipid bilayer arrangements of molecules mean to how molecules move across the cell membrane?	NON POLAR hydrophobic molecules - pass thru easily POLAR hydrophilip molecules - must use proteins, gates, pumps or channels
Why is the plasma membrane called a fluid mosaic? What makes up the mosaic?	1.PROTEIN molcules embedded in the phospholipids make it a MOSAIC. More than 50 different types of protein have been found in the plasma membrane of red blood cells 2. FLUID means the proteins and phospholipids may drift laterally in the membrane. Phosph
If a plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic, then what holds it in place?	held in place by 1. how the proteins are linked to cytoskeletal structures in the cell 2. how proteins are linked to extracellular structures on the outside of the cell.
What else besides proteins is in the fluid mosaic of plasma membrane?	1. cholesterol molecules 2. carbohydrates bonded to proteins in outside of cell membrane (glycoproteins) 3. carbohydrates bonded to phospholipids on outside of cell membrane (glycolipids)
What is the job of the cholesterol molecule imbedded in the plasma membrane fluid mosaic?	1. help stabilize phospholipids at body temperature 2. help keep membrane fluid at lower temperatures....so phospholipids don't all pack together
The PROTEINS in the plasma membrane do most of the work of the plasma membrane. What are the 6 functions of the Proteins in the plasma membrane?	1. attach membrane to cytoskeleton and external fibers 2. when bonded with carbohydrates make cell surface recognizable--ID tags 3. for junctions between adjacent cells. Cells may then adhere to one another 4. may function as enzymes (catalysts for mol
What is the function of the CARBOHYDRATES in the plasma membrane?	Gives the cells ability to DISTINGUISH among cells. Important during embryo development as cells sort into tissues and organs. Cells of immune system recognize and reject foreign cells
Summary of PHOSPHOLIPIDS role in plasma membranes	basic unit of construction allow some molecules to pass, others not
Summary of PROTEINS role in plasma membranes	VARIED functions transport proteins may act as channels, gated channels or pumps to move molecules across membrane
Summary of CARBOHYDRATES job in plasma membranes	combine with proteins or lipids to be IDENTIFIERS Identify self from non self a security-guard
What are the 3 types of molecular transport across the plasma membrane	1. PASSIVE transport -diffusion -osmosis -facilitated diffusion 2. ACTIVE transport 3. BULK transport -exocytosis -endocytosis -pinocytosis -phagocytosis
Define DIFFUSION	molecules move from HIGHER concentration to LOWER concentration down the concentration gradient no work being done no energy being used Example: perfume permeating a room, food coloring in a beaker of water
What are some examples of how life uses PASSIVE transport = diffusion?	1. sole means by which O2 is exchanged in lungs and red blood cells 2. how CO2 is exchanged 3. water crossing membranes
Define OSMOSIS	a specific type of diffusion --water
Define HYPERTONIC	A cell is surrounded with higher concentarion of solute than within the cell itself, resulting in water leaving the cell through osmosis; shrinkage
Define HYPOTONIC	Concentration of solute particles is lower outside the cell. (Makes molecules want to diffuse to the outside, makes cells shrivel).
Define ISOTONIC	both solution A & B have the same osmotic pressure. the solute concentration of a cell's volume remains constant
How does a cell OSMOREGULATE if it is not lucky enough to be in an isotonic environment?	1. freshwater fish live in a hypotonic environment. Their kidneys and gills must work constantly to prevent excess build up of water 2. Paramecium (protists) that live in fresh water have special VACUOLES to pump out water 3. Plant cells have CELL WALL
In a HYPOTONIC solution, what does the cell do?	explode because water has gone into the cell
In an ISOTONIC solution, what does the cell do?	normal
In a HYPERTONIC solution, what does the cell do:	shrivel in animal, plasmolyzed in plant
The words HYPOTONIC and HYPERTONIC refer to the solute or solvent concentration?	solute
Define the variety of passive transport called "FACILITATED DIFFUSION?"	-movement helped by special TRANSPORT PROTEINS -specific for molecules they help transport -down the concentration gradient
What are some examples of what molecules use passive transport aided by proteins?	1. several different sugars 2. amino acids 3. atomic ions 4. water (aquaporins)
Define ACTIVE transport	Transport protein actively PUMPS a specific solute across a membrane AGAINST the solute's concentration gradient ...moves from low concentration to high concentration Usually uses ATP for energy Common in cell membranes
Give 2 examples of cells using ACTIVE TRANSPORT	Na+ and K+ pump which help nerve cells generate signals
Define the BULK transport method called EXOCYTOSIS	export bulky materials = exocytosis uses a membrane enclosed sac (vesicle) filled with macromolecules the Vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and the contents spill out of the cell
What are 4 examples of cells using EXOCYTOSIS in life?	1. cry tears. the tear glands use exocytosis to export the salty solution containing proteins 2. mucous secreting cells 3. insulin secreted by pancreatic cells into bloodstream by exocytosis 4. cells removing waste material
Define ENDOCYTOSIS	vessicle from plasma membrane TAKES IN macromolecule or other particle from a food vacuole that is outside the cell.
What are the 2 subtypes of endocytosis?	PHAGOCYTOSIS - food particles taken in. This is how amoebas get their food PINOCYTOSIS - droplets of fluid from surroundings taken in (not specific)
The current model accepted for structure of the plasma membrane is called: a. osmosis diffusion model b. passive transport model c. fluid mosaic model d. active transport model	c. fluid mosaic model
The most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane is: a. sterols b. phospholipids c. triglycerides d. all of the above are present in equal amounts	b. phospholipids
Carbohydrates in the plasma membrane are used to: a. 'security guards' b. ways to identify 'self' c. gates, pumps or channels d. both a and b	d. both a and b are correct
Imbedded proteins in the plasma membrane are used to: a. security guards b. ways to identify self c. gates, pumps or channels d. both a and b are correct	c. gates, pumps, channels
A cell membrane allows some molecules to enter and leave and prevents other from entering or leaving. Therefore, it is: a. permeable b. impermeable c. selectively permeable d. not functioning	c. selectively permeable
Diffusion of Oxygen across a membrane happens: a. from high to low concentration b. from low to high concentration c. by osmosis d. active transport	a. from high to low concentration
Which of the following is true about molecules crossing a plasma membrane: a. travel down concentration gradient b. travel against concentration gradient c. facilitated transport by a protein channel d. it is possible that the molecules are ions that	e. a, c, and d are correct
Which is true regarding osmosis? a. water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane from areas of high solute concentration to areas of low solute concentration b. water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane from areas of low solute co	b. water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration
Where in a PROKARYOTIC cell do we find membranes?	only the plasma membrane
Where in a EUKARYOTIC cell do we find membranes?	Extensive. Endomembrane system (nuclear, smooth ER, rough ER, golgi aparatus, organelles such as nitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane
Membrane function includes providig a structure for ____________ that may be embedded in membranes	enzymes
What are 4 functions of a cell membrane?	1. form boundary 2. control movement of molecules into and out of 3. regulate the rate at which substances enter or leave the cell 4. help the cell maintain homeostasis
Membranes are amazingly thin. Their main structural component is ____________	phospholipids
Phospholipids have a head which is ________ and tail which is _________.	head = polar hydrophillic heads tail = nonpolar hydrophobic tails. The tails face eachother
How do molecules move accross the cell membrane since it has the phospholipid bilayer structure? How do nonpolar hydrophobic molecules move across?	If small, pass through.
How do polar, hydrophillic molecules pass through cell membranes?	must pass through protein gates, pumps or channels
Look at the slide of the membrane fluid mosaic model. Answer these questions: Membrane is a "___________"	mosaic
Membrane in the picture has diverse _________________ imbedded in a framework of phospholipids	protein molecules
These proteins are _______ in structure and function. More than 50 different types of proteins have been found in the plasma membrane of red blood cells.	diverse
When you say a cell membrane is 'fluid' it means the proteins and phospholipids may drift ________ in the membrane. Living cell phospholipids are about as fluid as salid oil at room temperature.	laterally
In a cell membrane, ______ molecules help stabilize phospholipids at body temperature	cholesterol
Two types of carbohydrates are bonded to a cell membrane on the outside of the cell membrane. They are _________ and __________	glycoproteins glycolipids
Proteins in the PLASMA MEMBRANE do 6 functions. List them	1. attach membrane to cytoskeleton and external fibers 2. ID tags 3. Form junctions between adjacent cells. Cells may then adhere to one another. 4.enzymes for molecular assembly lines 5.receptors for chemical messages 6 gates/pumps/channels
Functions of CARBOHYDRATES in plasma membrane	vary, from species to species. Gives cells ability to distinguish among cells...important during embryo development
Phosholipids are the basic unit of __________ of the cell membrane	construction
Phospholipids allow some molecules to pass across an not others, therefore it makes the membrane _________ _________	selectively permeable
Transport proteins may act as ________, ________, or _______.	channels, gates, or pumps.
Carbohydrates role in plasma membrane is	ID guard
There are 2 types of PASSIVE transport in the cell membrane	diffusion osmosis

Created by: stinglasher23

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries: