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Human Anatomy
FLash Cards about the human anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the level of organization in a human (multicellular organism)? | Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.. |
| Define tissue. | Group of similar cells that perform a single function. |
| Define organ. | Group of tissues working together to perform a complex function. |
| Define organ system. | Group of organs that perform closely related functions |
| The 11 organ systems work together to maintain ____________? | _________Organ systems work together to maintain Hemeostasis. |
| What are the 11 organ systems of the human body? | Nervous system, Integumentary system, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Excretory system, Skeletal system, Muscular system, Circulatory system, Endocrine system, Reproductive system, Lymphatic system. |
| Name the 4 types of human tissues. | Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, and Nervous tissue are the four types of human tissues. |
| ___________ tissues cover the surface of the body and line internal organs. They also make up glands. | Epithelial Tissue covers _______________ and lines ______________. |
| ___________ tissues hold organs in place and bind body parts togehter. This tyoe of tissue also provides support and flexibility. | Connective tissue ____________ body parts together and _____________ organs in place. It also provides _____________ and ______________. |
| _______________ tissues control movement. This type of tissue is also the most abundant of the tissues. | Mulscle tissues are the ____________________ of the tissues. It also controls movement. |
| ______________ tissues recieve messages (both external and internal), analyze data, directs a response, coordinates and regulates all body parts and functions. | Nervous tissues do what? |
| The ___________ system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to external stimuli. | Nervous System |
| Neurons conduct _______________. | Impulses |
| Name the three types of neurons. | Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. |
| Name the two divisions of the nervouse system. | The Central Nervous System (CNS) and The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). |
| PNS stands for ____________. | Peripheral Nervous System. |
| CNS stands for _____________. | Central Nervous System. |
| The ___________ nervous system contains the brain and spinal chord and processes and analyzes information. | CNS |
| The __________ nervous system contains the sensory and motor nerves. It also conducts impulses to and from the ____________ nervous system. | PNS; Cns |
| Name the six regions of the brain. | Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Puns, Medulla oblongota, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus. |
| Reflexes, blinking, sneezing, etc are coordinated in the ___________. | Spinal Chord. |
| Name the two division of the PNS. | Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System |
| What nervous system regulates voluntary systems? | Somatic Nervous System |
| What nervius system regulates involuntary activities? | Autonomic Nervous System |
| Autonomic Nnervous system has two branches. | Sypathetic and Parasypathetic branches |
| _____________ systewm supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and is the site of blood cell production. | The skeletal system does what 5 functions? |
| Names the two divisions of the skeletal system. | Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton. |
| The ___________ skeleton contains bones the support and protect organs of the head, neck, and trunk. | Axial Skeleton. |
| The ____________ skeleton contains bones of the limbs, and hep/shoulder blades. | Appendicular Skeleton. |
| Vertebral Column | 7 cervica, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacval, and 1 coccyge. |
| Rib cage | 12 ribs (7 true ribs and 5 false/ floating ribs) and 1 sternum. |
| Bones are a _________ of living cells and ____________ _______________ that are surrounded by ____________ of ___________________ ________________. | Network; Protein fibers; deposits; calcium salts. |
| Name the 4 bone types. | Long bones, short bones, Flat bones, and Irregular bones. |
| Define Perosteum. | Tough outer layer of bone. |
| Define Harversian Canals. | Tubes running through the compacts bone, blood vessles and nerves. |
| Define Bone Marrow. | Cavities within bones. |
| Name and describe the two types of bone marrow. | Yellow marrow, fat cells, and ted marrow, red and white blood cells. |
| Name and decribe the two types of bone structure. | Compact bone, outer layer, and spongy bone, inner structure. |
| Define Cartilage. | connective tissues in new borns that contain no blood vessels. |
| Define Osteoblasts. | Osteoblasts build bone (ossification). They also secrete proteins necessary for bone development. |
| Define Osteoclasts. | Osteoclasts remove damged bone tissue. Osteoclasts secrete enzymes that break down bone structure. |
| Define Osteocytes. | maintain cellular activities of bones. |
| ____________ are places where one bone attaches to another. | Joints. |
| Name and describe the three types of joints. | Immovable Joint- no movement (ex bones of the skull), Slightly Movable Joints- can move slightly (ex bones of the lower leg), and Freely Movable Joints- movement in one or more directions. |
| Name the four of the six types of synovial joints. | Hinge joint, pivot joint, saddle joint, and ball and socket joint. |
| Descibe the movement and give an example of the hinge joint. | Has a back and forth motion; ex: elbow joint. |
| Descibe the movement and give an example of the pivot joint. | one bone rotates around another bone; ex: head to vetebral column joint. |
| Descibe the movement and give an example of the saddle joint. | one bone slides in two directions; ex: thumb joint. |
| Descibe the movement and give an example of the ball and socket joint. | has circular movement; hip joint. |
| Ligaments are ______________ to the _____________ of the bones and ________________ them together. | attached; membranes; hold. |
| Synovial fluid is a _______ of fluid, which aids in _________________ the bone. | capsul; lubricating. |
| Bursa are _______ of fluids which _________ friction. | sacs; reduce. |
| Name the three types of muscle tissues. | Skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue. |
| _____________ muscle tissues consist of blood vessels, nerves and many nuclei. This muscle tissue also provides for voluntary movement | Skeletal. |
| _______________ muscle tissues consists of one nucleus. It is found in the degestive tract, stomach, and intestines. It also performs involuntare actions. | Smooth. |
| _____________ muscle tissues contain striations and are under control of the CNS. This muscle tissue is found in the heart. | Cardiac. |
| Define myofibers. | muscle cells. |
| Myofibers are composed of _______________. | Myofibril. |
| Each myofibril has _______________. | Filaments. |
| Striated appearance of muscle cells due to ___________ _______________ and _________________ filaments. | alternating thin; thick. |
| Define Myosine. | thick muscle filaments. |
| Define Actin. | Thin muscle filaments. |
| Define Sacromeres. | Units that fibers are arranged in. |
| Describe the sliding filament theory of contraction. | Muscle contraction is the movement of actin (thin filaments) sliding past myosin (thick filaments). |
| The energy for muscle contraction is supplied by ______. | ATP. |
| _____________ junction is the point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle. | Neuromuscular junction is the point of contact between a ___________________ _______________________ and a _______________ ___________________. |
| A motor neuron releases a _______ caled acetylcholine. | neurotransmitter. |
| Define Acetylcholine. | neurotransmitter released from a motor neuron. |
| It diffuses and produces an impulse. Ca2+ is relesed from ______________ _______________________ resulting in the filaments __________________. | Sarcoplasmic reticulum; contracting |
| Muscle cells remain ___________________ until the release of ______________ stops. | Contracted; acetylcholine. |
| Cell pumps ________________ back in storage, cross bridge stops and ______________ ends. | Calcium; contraction. |
| The circulatory/cardiovascular system consists of the _______________, ______________________ ________________ and the __________ that flows through it. | heart; blood vessels; blood. |
| The main function of the circulatory system is _______________________. | Transpertation. |
| The heart pumps how much blood per minute. | 5 liters |
| Name the three types of blood vessels. | Ateries, Capillaries, and Veins. |
| _______________ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. | Arteries. |
| _____________ are blood vessels | Veins. |
| _______________ blood vessels have thick walls. | Arteries. |
| ______________ blood vessels have thin walls | Veins. |
| ____________ blood vessels exchange oxygen, nutrients, and waste. | Capillaries. |
| ______________ blood vessels contain valves. | Veins. |
| Inferior and Superior Vena Cave | poor oxygen blood from body to heart. |
| Pulmanary arterias | Poor oxygen blood from heart to lungs. |
| Aorta | Rich oxygen blood ffrom heart to body. |
| Pulmanary Veins. | Rich oxygen blood from the lungs to the heart. |
| Desribe the passage of blood through the heart. | blood flows from the body into the Superior and Inferer Vena Cava. From their it flows into the RIght Atrium, then the Right Ventrical, then the pulmanary trunk/arteries, then the lungs where it becomes oxygen rich, then the pulmanary veian, left atruim, |
| Left ventrical, Aorta and then to the body. | (blank) |
| Each contraction begins in a small group of cardiac muscle cells located in the _____________ _____________________. | RIght Atrium. |
| These cells set the pace for the heart as a whole, they are called ________. | Pacemaker. |
| When the heart contracts it produces a fluid pressur in the arteries. This pressure is kwnow as ____________ ___________________. | (blank) |
| Sphygmomanometer. | Device used to take blood pressure. |
| Systole. | Heart muscle contraction. |
| Diastloe. | Heart muscle relazation. |
| List some cardiovascular disorders. | Arhweosclerosis-plaque, Hypertension, Stroke, Hert attack. |
| Define Respiration. | process by which oxygen and carvon dioxide are exchanged between cells. |
| Air enters, fill the lungs- ______________. | Gas exchange. |
| Name the parts of the upper respitory tract. | Nasal Cavitis, Pharynx, Larynx. |
| Name the parts of the lower respitory tract. | Trachea, Bronchial Tree, Lungs. |
| What keaps the lungs healthy and clean? | Hair lining or cilia, and mucus. |
| What contains the vocal cords and is the sight of sound production? | Larynx. |
| What carries air from the larynx to the bronchi. (wind pipe) | Trachea. |
| Air and food passage, contains the tonsils, epiglottis (covers the trachea). | Pharynx. |
| Bronchi carries air fron the _____________ to the _____________. | trachea;lungs. |
| Bronchioles carry air to _______________. | Alveoli. |
| The right lung has how many lobes? | 3 |
| The left lung has how many lobes? | 2 |
| Alveol (gas exchange) | 350 million |
| What does oxygen dissolve on? | The inner surface of the alveoli. |
| Oxygen diffuses across the __________ into the blood. | capilaries. |
| Carbon dioxide diffuses in what direction. | The opposite. |
| Lung remove what fraction of oxygen in the air that is inhaled and increase the caron dioxide the is exhaled. | one third. |
| Define Homeoglobin. | oxygen carrying protein that aids in 70% of oxygen transportation. |
| Movement of air in and out of lthe ungs. | Breathing. |
| How many muscles are connected to the lungs? | None. |
| Lungs are sealed in two sacs called __________ ___________________. | Pleural membrane. |
| ______________ contracts and expands in breathing. | Diaphragm. |
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dml4001
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