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CMCBiologyTest3

12-5-11 DNA and RNA

QuestionAnswer
3 Parts of Nucleotide Deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogen base.
Sugar in DNA Deoxyribose.
Nitrogen Base Pair 1 Adenine and Thymine.
Nitrogen Base Pair 2 Guanine and Cytosine.
What does the structure of DNA look like? Double helix.
Who discovered the shape of DNA? Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick.
What are purines? Double carbon ring.
What are pyrimidines? Single carbon ring.
How does DNA replicate? Semi-conservatively.
How many strands are made? Two.
What enzyme unzips the DNA strand? Helicase.
What enzyme bonds DNA back together? DNA polymerase.
DNA Replication Step 1 Separation of Strands- the enzyme Helicase separates the DNA at the replication fork.
DNA Replication Step 2 Base Pairing- free nucleotides pair up with the exposed strand.
DNA Replication Step 3 Bonding of Bases- sugars and phosphate parts bond together with the help of the enzyme DNA polymerase.
DNA Characteristics 2 strands, sugar is deoxyribose, nitrogen bases are A,T,C,G.
RNA Characteristics 1 strand, sugar is ribose, nitrogen bases are A,U,G,C (uracil instead of thymine).
How many strands of RNA do you get from transcription? One.
mRNA Messenger- carries code from DNA.
tRNA Transfer- moves Amino Acid to ribosome.
rRNA Ribosomal- combines with proteins to make ribosome.
Transcription Step 1 DNA unzips. RNA polymerase attaches to DNA and unzips it.
Transcription Step 2 mRNA nucleotides attach to open strand.
Transcription Step 3 mRNA strand leaves nucleusand travels to ribosome for translation.
What are proteins? Long chains of amino acids.
What is a codon? 3 nucleotides in a row.
What does a codon do? Each codon codes for an amino acid.
How many combinations of codons are there? 64.
How many amino acids are there? 20.
What are the start codons? AUG.
What are the stop codons? UAA, UAG, UGA.
What is the purpose of tRNA? tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes.
RNA Translation Step 1 In the cytoplasm, mRNA strand attaches to ribosome.
RNA Translation Step 2 Ribosome reads the mRNA based on the codons.
RNA Translation Step 3 tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome. Ribosome matches an anticodon on tRNA to complementary codon to mRNA. Amino acid is locked in place by ribosome.
RNA Translation Step 4 Ribosome moves to next codon and repeats procedure. Peptide bond attaches amino acids together.
RNA Translation Step 5 Ribosome continues until it reaches the end of the mRNA strand.
What is a point mutation? One nucleotide is changed in the sequence but it changes the whole sequence.
What is frameshift mutation? Adding or deleting a nucleotide in the sequence.
What is deletion? Removing part of a chromosome.
What is insertion? Adding a part of a chromosome.
What is inversion? Part of chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards.
What is translocation? Part of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome.
What is a mutagen? Any agent that can cause a change in DNA.
Example of Mutagen X-rays, UV rays, Nuclear rays, asbestos, cyanide, benzene, high temperatures, pesticides.
What proofreads DNA and corrects mistakes? Enzymes.
Created by: UtauxIkuto
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