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chemistry///
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. | Isotopes |
| The mass number of an atom is a | sum of the protons and neutrons in the atoms nucleus. |
| The atomic mass of an element is | the average of all the existing isotopes for that element. |
| If you change the number of electrons . . . an ____ is formed | an ion is formed. |
| – atom with a charge | Ion |
| two types of ions | anions & cations |
| Negatively Charged Ions - formed by gaining electrons - the tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself is its electron affinity | anions |
| Positively Charged Ions - formed by losing electrons - process of removing electrons from an atom is called ionization - the energy it takes to remove the electron is the ionization energy | cations |
| occurs when atoms gain and lose electrons to form ions. Once ions are formed, a positive ion and negative ion attraction forms and creates a chemical bond. | Ionic Bonding |
| occurs when atoms share electrons to fill their outer energy levels – Usually occurs between atoms with high ionization energies and atoms with high electron affinities. | Covalent bonding |
| More than one pair of electrons can be shared. 1 pair = single bond 2 pairs = double bond 3 pairs = triple bond | covalent bonding |
| When atoms do not share electron pairs equally, a polar covalent bond results. | Polar Covalent Bonding |
| These molecules will have a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end. | polar covalent bonding |
| • Red Spheres – Hydrogen atoms – Positive charge • Blue Spheres – Oxygen atoms – Negative charge | Hydrogen Bonding |
| A pure substance that is made of more than one element is called a compound. | compounds |
| can be broken down into simpler substances | Compounds |
| is the smallest particle of a compound that has all the properties of that compound. | A molecule |
| gain of electrons | anions |
| loss of electrons | cations |
| • Produce hydrogen ions in solution (Acids usually begin with a hydrogen, HCl, HNO3) – H+ is attracted to water to form H3O+ (hydronium ions) – Make good electrolytes because of the hydrogen ions (conduct electricity) | Acids |
| • Produce hydrogen ions in solution (Acids usually begin with a hydrogen, HCl, HNO3) – H+ is attracted to water to form H3O+ (hydronium ions) – Make good electrolytes because of the hydrogen ions (conduct electricity) | Acids |
| • Sour in taste • Litmus paper (indicator paper) turns red • React with metals to form hydrogen gas and a metal compound • Corrosive • Can be described as a proton donor | acids |
| Produce hydroxide ions in solution – OH- is produced – Strong bases make good electrolytes because of the hydroxide ions (conduct electricity) – Weak bases do not make good electrolytes | bases |
| Bitter in taste • Slippery to touch • Litmus paper (indicator paper) turns blue • Corrosive & Sometimes Poisonous • The process of making soaps is called saponification • Can be described as a proton acceptor | bases |
| is a measure of the amount of hydrogen ion in solution | pH scale |
| 0-7 is | Acidic |
| 7 is | Neutral |
| 7-14 is | Basic |
| • compounds containing large amounts of carbon | Organic Compounds |
| carbon forms 4 covalent bonds forming chains, rings and other structures | organic compounds info |
| 4 macromolecules unique to living things: | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| - the making of proteins and large carbohydrates by removing water from two smaller molecules | Dehydration synthesis |
| - “water splitting” | Hydrolysis reactions |
| •Contain C, H, and O in a 2 H : 1 O ratio • Have a low structural use and are classified by size and solubility Types • Monosaccharide- simple sugars of 3 to 7 carbon atoms – Ex: glucose, fructose | Carbohydrates |
| • Disaccaharide- 2 simple sugars –Ex: sucrose, lactose | Carbohydrates |
| • Polysaccharide- many simple sugars –Starch- storage carb formed by plants –Glycogen- storage carb formed by animals • source of cellular fuel • excess carbs are stored as glycogen or fat | Carbohydrates |
| • Lipids- a macromolecule that contains C, H and O • non-polar substances, so they are insoluble in water • complex lipids may contain phosphorus • Ex: phospholipids, steroids, neutral fats | Lipids |
| – single covalent bonds between carbon atoms | saturated fats |
| – double bonds between atoms | unsaturated fats |
| is accomplished by attaching 3 fatty acids to a single glycerol molecule = triglycerides | fat synthesis |
| • modified triglycerides with a phosphorus containing group and 2 fatty acid chains – fatty acid chains are non-polar = water hating – phosphorus containing part is polar = water loving | Phospholipids |
| • flat molecule made of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings • cholesterol – needed for cell membranes and raw material of vitamin D, steroids and bile salts | Steroids |
| made of nucleotides with C, H, O, N & P – 3 parts of a nucleotide • a phosphate group • a pentose sugar • a nitrogen containing base | Nucleic Acids |
| • a nitrogen containing base – adenine (A)- purine, lg. 2 ring base – guanine (G)- purine, lg. 2 ring base – cytosine (C)- pyrimidine, sm. 1 ring – thymine (T)- pyrimidine, sm. 1 ring – uracil (U)- pyrimidine, sm. 1 ring | nucleic acids info |
| 2 nucleic acid types | dna and rna |
| - deoxyribonucleic acid- nucleus, contains T, info for living things, contains deoxyribose sugar, double stranded | dna |
| - ribonucleic acid- cytoplasm, contains U, protein synthesis, contains ribose sugar, single stranded, 3 types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA | rna |
| nucleotides are held together by ??? –A–T (inRNA A–U) –G–C | hydrogen bonds |
| • macromolecules made of linked amino acids (AA) • basic structural material of the body | Proteins |
| • enzymes- proteins that act as catalysts • most varied functions of any molecule in the body • the structure of a protein determines its biological function • classified as fibrous or globular | proteins |
| • there are 20 AA • 2 functional groups: amine group (-NH2) and organic acid group (-COOH) • can act as a base or acid • AA are combined by peptide bonds • <50 AA linked together = polypeptide | Amino Acids |
| protein structures | primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure. |
| - the linear AA sequence | primary structure |
| secondary structure- 2 types | a helix and B pleated sheats |
| - coils like a telephone cord | – α helix |
| - ribbon like structure hydrogen bonds stabilize the proteins | β pleated sheets |
| α helix or β pleated regions of the chain fold upon one another to produce ball-like molecules | tertiary structure- |
| - 2 or more chains aggregate in a regular manner to form a complex protein | quaternary structure |
| • extended and strandlike; most exhibit only secondary structure, but some have quaternary structure • insoluble in water • stable- provide mechanical support and tensile strength to body tissues • Ex: collagen, keratin, elastin | Fibrous or Structural Proteins |
| • compact, spherical proteins with tertiary structure and some have quaternary structure • water soluble • chemically active • Ex: antibodies, enzymes | Globular or Functional Proteins |
| •proteins that act as biological catalysts •enzymes are chemically specific | Enzymes |
| •enzymes determine if reactions will occur •enzymes have the suffix –ase and are named for the reaction they catalyze | enzymes |
| •functional proteins are called holoenzyme- made of 2 parts: apoenzyme (protein portion) and a cofactor (ion or metal). If a cofactor is derived from vitamins is called a coenzyme. | enzymes info |
Created by:
a.quimbaya1
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