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Bio201-Ch6-Skeletal
Bio201 - Ch 6 - Bones & Skeletal Orientation - Rio Salado - Marieb/Hoehn
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skeletal Cartilage | Made of cartilage tissue - mostly of water. |
| Cartilage consists primarily of __. | Water |
| __ tissue contains no nerves or blood vessels. | Cartilage |
| __ surrounds cartilage - dense irregular CT. | Perichondrium |
| Perichondrium | Wraps around cartilage - nutrients diffuse from here into cartilage. |
| What limits the thickness of cartilage? | Perichondrium |
| Components of cartilage are __. | Chondrocytes encased in lacuna w/in jellylike ground substance & fibers. |
| Cartilage grows in two ways. | Appositional growth & interstitial growth. |
| Appositional Growth | "Growth from outside" - cartilage-forming cells in perichondrium secrete new matrix against exterior. |
| Interstitial Growth | "Growth from inside" - chondrocytes divide & secrete new matrix from within. |
| Calcified cartilage is not __. | Bone |
| How many bones are in the human skeleton? | 206 |
| Axial skeleton is involved in __. | Protecting, supporting, or carrying other parts. |
| Role of appendicular skeleton is __? | Locomotion & manipulation of environment. |
| Bones are classified by shape as __? | Long, short, flat & irregular. |
| Long bones | Longer than their width, a shaft & 2 ends - all limb bones. |
| Which limb bones aren't long bones? | Patella (kneecap), wrist, & ankle bones. |
| Short bones | Cube shaped - wrist & ankle |
| Sesamoid bones | Short bone that forms in tendons - patella |
| Flat bones | Thin, flattened & unusually curved - breast bone, scapulae, ribs & skull bones. |
| Irregular bones | Complicated shapes - vertebrae & hip bones. |
| 5 Functions of Bones | Support, protection, movement, mineral & growth factor storage, blood cell formation. |
| Rib cage supports __. | Thoracic wall. |
| Bone is a reservoir for which minerals? | Calcium & phosphate. |
| Mineralized bone matrix stores growth factors like__. | Insulin-like growth factors, transforming, bone morphogenic proteins, etc. |
| Hematopoiesis occurs where? | In marrow cavities of certain bones. |
| Bones are organs because? | They are composed of several tissues: osseous, nervous, cartilage, CT, etc. |
| Bone markings | External surfaces w/depressions & openings - indicate stresses created by attachments. |
| Spongy bone is also called __. | Cancellous bone. |
| The flat pieces in spongy bone are __. | Trabeculae |
| Diaphysis | Tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone. |
| Thick collar of compact bone is? | Diaphysis. |
| Medullary cavity | Marrow cavity - contains fat (yellow marrow) |
| Another name for yellow bone marrow cavity? | Medullary cavity |
| The joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with __? | A thin layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage. |
| Epiphyseal line | Remnant of epiphyseal polate - metaphysis. |
| Epiphyseal plate | Disc of hyaline cartilage - grows during childhood to lengthen bone. |
| Periosteum | Covers entire external bone surface - double-layered membrane. |
| 2 layers of periosteum are? | Outter fibrous layer & inner osteogenic layer. |
| Outer layer of periosteum is made of? | Dense connective tissue. |
| Nutrient Foramen | Opening in diaphysis that supplies nerve fibers, lymph & blood vessels. |
| Perforating (Sharpey's) Fibers | Secures periosteum to bone w/tufts of collagen fibers into bone matrix. |
| Where are perforating fibers exceptionally dense? | Points of anchoring for tendons & ligaments. |
| Internal bone surfaces are covered w/delicate CT membrane called __? | Endosteum |
| Endosteum | Covers trabeculae of spongy bone & lines canals. |
| Endosteum contains which 2 cells? | Osteoblasts & osteoclasts. |
| Common design of short, irregular & flat bones? | Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone outside & endosteum-covered spongy bone inside. |
| Noncylindrical bones lack __ &__. | Shaft & epiphyses. |
| Which bones contain marrow but no significant marrow cavity? | Short irregular & flat bones. |
| In flat bones, spongy bone is called __? | Dipole |
| Dipole | Spongy bone in flat bone of skull - like sandwich. |
| Red marrow | Hematopoietic Tissue |
| Where is red marrow found? | In trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long & dipole of flat bones. |
| Red marrow cavities | Trabecular cavities & dipole |
| Where is red marrow in infants? | Medullary cavity of diaphysis & all areas of spongy bone. |
| If a person becomes anemic, what can revert to red marrow? | Yellow marrow. |
| Where is blood cell production in adults? | Heads of femur & humerus. |
| 4 Major cellt ypes populating bone are? | Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes |
| Osteogenic cells | Miotic stem cells - form osteoblasts & other stem cells. |
| Structural unit of compact bone is __. | Osteon/Haversian System |
| Osteon | Elongated hollow cylinder parallel to long axis of bone. |
| Lamella | Matrix tubes |
| Another name for compact bone is? | Lamellar bone |
| The type of fibers in lamella are? | Collagen fibers. |
| The collagen fibers in adjacent lamella run in __ directions. | Opposite. |
| The design of an osteon is __. | "Twister resister" |
| __ align w/collagen fibers in osteon. | Crystals of bone salts. |
| Running through the core of each osteon is __. | Central/Haversian Canal. |
| Volkmann's Canals | Canals that lie at right angles to long axis of bone - blood & nerve supply from periosteum to central canal. |
| Internal bone cavities are lined with? | Endosteum |
| Where are lacunae found? | At junctions of the lamellae. |
| What connect lacunae to each other & the central canal? | Canaliculi |
| What structures allow bone cells to be well nurished? | Canalicui permit wastes & nutrients to be relayed. |
| Osteocytes act as __ in cases of bone damage. | Sensors - for stresses or strains. |
| Interstitial lamellae | Incomplete lamellae - remnants of osteons that have been cut by bone remodeling. |
| Circumferential lamellae | Just deep to periosteum & superficial to endosteum - resists twisting of long bones. |
| Trabeculae contain: | Irregular arranged lamellae & osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi. |
| Trabeculae do not contain __. | Osteons. |
| Organic components of bone are? | Cells & osteoid - collagen fibers & ground substance. |
| Osteoid | 1/3 of bone matrix - ground substance & fibers. |
| Bone resilience (strength) is attributed to __. | Sacrificial bonds that break easily on impact. |
| Sacrificial bonds are? | Between collagen molecules - break & disappate energy to prevent big fracture. |
| Inorganic bone components | Mineral salts - calcium phosphates around collagen fibers. |
| Harness of bone that allows it to resist compression comes from __. | Mineral salt crystals. |
| Health bone is __ as strong as steel in resisting compression. | 1/2 |
| Bone is __ as steel in resisting tension. | Completely |
| Ossification | Bone formation |
| Ossification in adults serves mainly for __. | Bone remodeling & repair. |
| Before week __ embryo skeleton constructed of fibrous membranes & hyaline cartilage. | 8 |
| Intramembranous Ossification | When bone develops from fibrous membrane. |
| Membrane bone | Bone that develops from fibrous membrane. |
| Endochondral Ossification | Bone development by replacing hyaline cartilage. |
| Enchondral Bone | Bone developed from hyaline cartilage. |
| __ results in formation of cranial bone. | Intramembranous Ossification |
| __ bones are formed by intramembranous ossification. | Flat bones. |
| Intramembranous ossification hardens membranes that originally came from __. | Mesenchymal cells. |
| 4 Steps of Intramembranous Ossification. | (1) Ossification cntr, (2) Bone matrix secreted, (3) Woven bone & periosteum form, (4) Bone collar & marrow appears. |
| Except for clavicles, all bones beneath base of skull form by __ ossification. | Endochondral. |
| When does endochondral ossification begin? | In the 2nd month. |
| Primary ossification center | Center of the hyaline cartilage shaft. |
| 5 Steps of Endochondral Ossification. | (1) Bone collar around h-cartilage, (2) cavitation, (3) peristeal bud, (4) medullary cavity forms/2nd center in epiphyses, (5) Ossification of epiphyses. |
| Hypertrophy | Enlarge |
| What month does periosteal bud form? | Month 3 |
| Periosteal bud | Nutrient artery & vein, lymphatics, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, bone cells. |
| Ossification __ cartilage formation along the length of the shaft. | "Chases" |
| Short bones have __ ossification center. | 1 |
| Long bones have __ ossification centers. | 3 - 1 primary & 2 secondary |
| How does secondary ossification differ from primary? | Spongy bone in the interior is retained & no medullary cavity forms in epiphyses. |
| Long bones lengthen by __ growth during infancy & youth. | Interstitial Growth. |
| Which bones continue to grow through life? | Nose & lower jaw. |
| Longitudial bone growth ends when? | Bone of epiphysis & diaphysis fuses - Epiphyseal plate closure. |
| Adult bone can increase in diameter by __ growth if stressed. | Appositional growth. |
| Epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by __. | Growth Hormone. |
| __ hormones modulate the activity of growth hormone. | Thyroid hormones. |
| Every week we recycle __ of our bone mass. | 5-7% |
| Spongy bone is replaced every __ years. | 3-4 years |
| Compact bone is replaced every __ years. | 10 years |
| When bone remains in place for a long time they __. | Become more brittle. |
| The most commond disorder of bone homeostais. | Fracture. |
| In adults, where does bone remodeling occur? | Surface of periosteum & endosteum. |
| Osteoid seam | An unmineralized band of gauzy-looking bone matrix. |
| Calcification Front | Abrupt transition between osteoid seam & older bone. |
| Alkaline Phosphate | Essential for mineralization - shed by osteoblasts. |
| Osteoclasts are __ cells. | Multinucleated |
| Osteoclasts arise from same hematopoietic stem cells as __. | Macrophages |
| Lysosomal enzymes | Secreted by osteoclasts that digest organic matrix. |
| Hydrochloric Acid | Converts calcium salts into soluble forms. |
| 2 Control loops that regulaate bone remodeling. | (1) neg. feed. of Ca homeostatis in blood & (2) gravitational forces. |
| Calcium is absorbed how? | In the intestines under Vitamin D metabolites. |
| Bone remodeling hormonal mechanism involves the __. | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| Calcitonin | Produced by parafollicular cells (C Cells) of thyroid - secreted when blood levels of Ca rise. |
| When blood levels of calcium drop __ is released. | PTH - parathyroid hormone. |
| __ levels stimulate osteoclasts to reabsorb bone. | Increased PTH |
| Osteoid lacks __. | Calcium salts |
| Hypercalcemia | Sustained high Ca levels in blood. |
| What can hypercalcemia lead to? | Deposits of Ca salts in vellsels, kidneys & organs. |
| Which fat-derrived hormone regulates bone density? | Leptin |
| Wolff's Law regarding stresses | bone grows/remodels in response to demands placed on it. |
| A bone's anatomy reflects what? | The common stresses it encounters. |
| Deforming a bone produces an __. | Electric current. |
| 4 Observations of Wolff's Law are? | (1) long bones thickest midway of diaphysis, (2) Curved bones thickest where they might bend, (3) Trabeculae form trusses along compression lines, (4) Large, bondy projections occur where muscles attach. |
| A fracture is treated __? | Realignment of the broken bone ends. |
| Hydroxyapatite | The salts in bone. |
| Bone ends secured by pins or wires. | Open (internal) reduction. |
| 4 Stages of bone fracture healing. | (1) hematoma, (2) fibrocartilaginous callus, (3) Bone callus, (4) Bone remodeling. |
| Fibrocartilaginous Callus | Mass of bone repair tissue that splints bone. |
| What underlies nearly every skeletal disease? | Imbalances between bone deposit & reabsorption. |
| Osteomalacia | Soft bones-osteoid produced by no salts deposited. |
| Paget's Disease | Excessive, haphazzard bone deposit & reabsorption. |
| If you need more calcium, the __ gland secretes hormone. | More = parathyroid |
| If you need less calicum, the __ secretes hormone. | Less = thyroid |
| A fracture in the shaft of bone would be a break in the __. | Diaphysis |
| Layers of calcification found in bone. | Lamella |
| A __ contains osteocytes, lamellae, & a central canal & is only found in compact bone. | Osteon |
| 65% of bone mass is __. | Hydroxyapatite |
| The organic part of bone matrix is __. | Osteoid |
| The trabeculae are oriented __ lines of stress. | Towards |
| Greenstick Fracture | In children - bone bends & only 1 side breaks. |
| Compression Fracture | Common in vertebrae & in osteoporosis. |
| Spiral Fracture | Ragged break due to twist forces - common in sports. |
| Osteogenesis is a process of __ & __. | Bone formation & remodeling. |
| __ Increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions. | Parathyroid Hormone |
| Comminuted Fracture | Bone fragments into 3+ pieces - common in elderly. |
| Epiphyseal Fracture | Break along epiphyseal plate. |
| Depressed Fracture | Broken bone is pressed inward - skull fracture. |
| Bone formed is poorly mineralized & soft - deforms during weight-bearing. | Osteomalacia. |
| Abnormal bone formation & reabsorption. | Paget's Disease. |
| In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows __. | Ephiphysis to diaphysis. |
| Osteomyelitis is? | Inflammation of bone & marrow by pus-forming bacteria due to wound. |
| Achondroplasia | Congenital conditon - defective cartilage & bone growth - dwarfism. |
| The limbs of a patient with Achondroplasia would be __. | Too short. |
| Osteitis | Inflammation of bony tissue. |
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | "Brittle Bone disease" - not enough collagen. |
| A round or oval hole through a bone that contains blood vessels &/or nerves. | Foramen |
| Bone pain | Ostealgia |
| Which bone is adapted to withstand stress? | Spongy Bone |
| There is blood-forming marrow in most __ bones of adults. | Short. |
| Interstitial Growth | Chondrocytes in lacunae divide & secrete matrix. |
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Ladystorm
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