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A&P II: Blood&Immune
Mod 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| One function of blood: Transports O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, wastes and ________. | heat |
| The extracellular fluid found in blood vessels; blood minus the formed elements. | plasma |
| regulates pH, body temperature and water content of cells | blood |
| One function of blood: Protects against blood loss through ________. | clotting |
| One function of blood: Protects against disease through _________ WBC and antibodies. | phagocytic |
| Plasma is 92% _________. | water |
| Plasma contains proteins, electrolytes, nutrients,& regulatory substances such as _____& enzymes. | hormones |
| 3 kinds of plasma proteins are: albumin, fibrinogen, and | globulin |
| Plasma proteins that forms antibodies, transports lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins. | globulins |
| Organ that is a major source of plasma proteines | liver |
| Hematocrit measures: | RBC |
| Plasma protein that functions in blood clotting. | fibrinogen |
| Plasma protein that transports proteins. | albumin |
| Blood cell that combats pathogens and other foreign substances. | WBC |
| Blood cell that transports O2 and CO2. | RBC |
| Blood cell that operates in homeostasis; promotes vascular spasm and blood clotting. | platelets |
| formation and development of blood cells | hemopoiesis |
| Where does hemopoiesis occur in adults? | red bone marrow |
| Lymphocytes begin development in red bone marrow and complete development in ___________. | lymphatic tissues |
| blood cell that transports O2 and CO2 | erythrocytes |
| functions in blood clotting | thrombocytes |
| platelet | thrombocyte |
| major phagocytes | monocytes and neutrophils |
| produce antibodies | lymphocytes |
| major cell of immune response | lymphocyte |
| name of white blood cells | leukocytes |
| realease of histamine and heparin | basophils |
| increase in number during allergic reactions | basophils & eosinophils |
| originate from stem cells in red bone marrow and produce memory cells | T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes |
| True/False: T-Lymphocytes attack antigen found within body cells. | True |
| TRUE/FALSE: B-Lymphocytes attack antigen found outside body cells. | TRUE |
| T-lymphocytes mature in the _____, perform cell-mediated immune response, attack invaders directly. | thymus |
| B-lymphocytes are reponsible for _____ immune response, become plasma cells that secrete antibodies that bind to antigens. | humoral |
| AKA CD4 cells, stimulate multiplication of both B- & killer T-cells. | helper T-cells |
| AKA CD8 cells or killer T-cells, destroy antigen-bearing cells by disrupting plasma membrane. | cytotoxic T-cell |
| The ________T-cell is involved in cell-mediated immunity. | cytotoxic |
| B-cells, _________, & antigen-presenting cells engulf & display antigens on their surface MHC's. | dendritic cellss |
| The Immunoglobulin IgM activates & causes agglutination & lysis of microbes. Used in blood _________. | typing |
| Antibody A in plasma has | antigen-B |
| Antibody B in plasma has | antigen-A |
| Antibody O in plasma has | antigen-A and antigen-B |
| Antibody AB in plasma is compatible with | all blood types with the same Rh factor |
| If the mother is Rh- and the firstborn is Rh+, the mother is given ______ right away. | RhoGAM |
| Leukocytes combat ______ and other foreign substances that enter the body. | pathogens |
| Lymphocytes are a type of WBC that help carry out cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune | responses |
| Organ in which plasma clotting factors are synthesized. | liver |
| Vitamin necessary for blood clotting | K |
| Mineral necessary for blood clotting | Ca2+ |
| clot retraction is carried out by the | fibrinolytic system |
| dissolution of a clot | fibrinolysis |
| enzyme that promotes fibrinolysis | plasmin |
| Agglutination is/is not a clumping of microorganisms or blood cells due an antibody-antigen reaction. | is |
| Coagulation is/is not a series of chemical reactions that culminates in formation of fibrin threads and spools. | is not |
| Intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation both lead to the formation of ________. | Prothrombinase |
| Prothrombin in the plasma is converted to its active form _________. | thrombin |
| Thrombin is an enzyme that ______ fibrinogen to fibrin. | converts |
| Fibrinogen is active/inactive and soluble/insoluble. | inactive and soluble |
| Fibrin is active/inactive and soluble/insoluble. | active and insoluble |
| Fibrin is an _______ stringy substance that makes up a clot. | insoluble |
| Substance that prevents, delays or suppresses blod clotting. | anticoagulant |
| Substance released by mast cells and basophils that is also used clinically. | heparin |
| "Blood thinners" are/are not given to patients in danger of forming blood clots. | are |
| A stationary clot formed in an unbroken blood vessel, usually a vein. | thrombus |
| A blood clot, a bubble of air, fat from broken bones, a mass of bacteria or foreign material transported by the blood. | embolus |
| The difference between an embolus and a thrombus is that thrombus is due to the _______ mechanism of the body gone awry. | repair |
| One function of the immune system is to drain excess ______. | ISF |
| One function of the immune system is to absorb dietary ______ from the GI tract & deliver to the blood. | lipids |
| The lymphatic system carries out ___________. | immune responses |
| One function of the immune system using macrophages is to carry out ________. | phagocytosis |
| What is the difference between ISF and lymph? | location |
| Plasma is in the blood and has proteins, lymph is in _____ vessels and lymphatic tissue. | lymphatic |
| Blood plasma filters ____ capillary walls to form ISF which passes into lymphatic vessels & becomes lymph. | through |
| The skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump assist in the ______ of lymph. | flow |
| The thymus gland is located in the ________ between the sternum and aorta. | mediastinum |
| T-cells mature and develop immunocompetance in the _______ gland. | thymus |
| The spleen is to the circulatory system as lymph nodes are to the lymphatic _______. | system |
| The spleen is located in the ___ hypochondriac region between the stomach & the diaphragm. | left |
| The spleen _______s blood. | filter |
| The spleen performs phagocytosis of ruptured blood cells, formation of blood cells in fetal development proliferation of _____ cells during immune responses. | B |
| Lymph nodes are encapsulated, act as a lymph filter & send macrophages out to ____ some foreign substances. | destroy |
| What fluid do lymph nodes filter? | lymph |
| Lymph ______ are follicles scattered thruout lamina propria (connective tissue) that filter lymph & send macrophages out to destroy some foreign substances. | nodules |
| ______ participate in immune responses against inhaled or ingested foreign substances. | Tonsils |
| "Second Line of Defense": defenses were breached, send in additional/no more defenders. | additional |
| Examples of innate, second line of ________ mechanisms are NK cells, fever, inflammation, and internal antimicrobial substances. | defense |
| Fixed macrophages are phagocytes that engulf & destroy potentially ________ foreign substances. | harmful |
| Monocytes form/destroy macrophages and perform antigen presentation. | form |
| When microbes penetrate the skin or mucous membranes or bypass antimicrobial substances in the blood the next nonspecific defense against invaders are | natural killer cells |
| Abbreviation for cells that have the ability to kill a wide variety of infected body cells & certain tumor cells. | NK |
| NK cells attack/promote body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins. | attack |
| Generally, the response to tissue damage, tissue injury, infection or pulled tendon. | inflammation |
| Four cardinal signs of inflammation: redness, pain, heat and | swelling |
| 4 responses to tissue injury: vasodilation, increased capillary _______, & chemotaxis & emigration of phagocytes. | permeability |
| Increased capillary permeability due to tissue injury allows ______ to enter the area and causes swelling. | proteins |
| A process where several different chemicals are released by microbes and inflamed tissues to attract phagocytes. | chemotaxis |
| Three defining characteristics of adaptive immunity: specificity, ______, self-tolerance. | memory |
| A foreign substances in the body that evokes an immune response. | antigen |
| Snake venom, parasites, viruses, bacteria are all examples of | antigens |
| Antigenic cells are a disfunction, ex's: cancer cells, cells that have abnormal MHC markers, tissue ____, & virus infected cells. | transplantation |
| MHC | major histocompatibility complex |
| HLA AKA MHC | human leukocyte antigens |
| MHC are genetically determined markers that help T-cells recognize self from | non-self |
| Any particular lymphocyte is capable of recognizing _____ antigen. | one |
| Capable of mounting an immune response. | immunocompetence |
| Method of cell-mediated immunity: _____ cells carry out the destruction of foreigners, binding the antigen. | cytotoxic T |
| Antibody-mediated immunity: B-cells turn into plasma cells that ____ antibodies that bind to antigens. | secrete |
| 3 steps to Immunity response: Recognize, Activate, _______ | Attack |
| The activity occuring during activate phase of an immune response | cloning |
| Helper T-cells produce | cytokines |
| Plasma cells secrete antibodies that ________ antigen | neutralize |
| Plasma cells secrete antibodies that ________ bacteria | immobilize |
| Plasma cells secrete antibodies that ________ complement | activate |
| Plasma cells secrete antibodies that ________ and precipitate antigen | agglutinate |
| Plasma cells secrete antibodies that ________ phagocytosis | enhance |
| Antimicrobial substance secreted by lymphocytes, macrophages & fibroblasts infected by a virus that induce antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication. | interferon |
| The ingestion of microbes or other particles such as cellular debris. | phagocytosis |
| Substance released by cytotoxic T-cells that insert into the plasma membrane of the target cell & creates channels in the membrane. | perforin |
| Protein-digesting enzymes released by cytotoxic T-cells that trigger apoptosis. | granzymes |
| Programmed cell death; a type of cell death that, for one thing, eliminates many potentially dangerous cells such as cancer cells. | apoptosis |
| Substance released by cytotoxic T-cells which enter perforin channels & creates holes in the plasma membrane of the infected body cell. | granulysin |
| A toxic molecule released by cytotoxic T-cells that activates enzymes in the target cell that cuase the DNA to fragment leading to cell death. | lymphotoxin |
Created by:
MKC
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