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FINAL REVIEW
GO THROUGH
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| HEART I: Where would you find Alpha, beta 1 and beta 2? | HEART I: Alpha in arterioles, Beta1 in Heart and Beta2 on blood vessel |
| Resting membrane potential (-90mV) is close to what mineral equillibrium potential? | Potasium |
| RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES | RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES |
| What gets into the cell for depalorization to occur? | Sodium |
| And what does the sodium increase lead to? | Opening of Calcium channels |
| What happens when you close the calcium channels? | Repolarization |
| HEART II | HEART II |
| How do you increase stroke volume by more forceful contractions? | 1. Increase pre-load (end diastolic volume), and increase sympathetic NS activity |
| What is starling's law of the heart saying? | Increasing end diastolic volume will increase force of contration which will increase stroke volume |
| What is afterload? what does it lead to? | Resistance to ejection, leaves moer in ventricles |
| If you increase sympathetic stimulation what will happen to: 1. Contractility 2. Stroke Volume 3. Heart rate 4. Conduction rate? | Increase in contractility and stroke volume because heart rate and conduction rate increases |
| VASCULAR SYSTEM | VASCULAR SYSTEM |
| What is pulse pressure influenced by? | Compliance and stroke volume |
| What increases pulse pressure? | Decrease in compliance |
| What is arteriol resistance determined by? | Local factors and neural and hormonal input |
| What do local factors deal with? | the whole hyperemia thing |
| What are arterioles innervated by? | Sympathetic nerves |
| When does a diffusion gradient arise? | In cell utilization and production of a substance |
| When is filtration favored? | Hydrostatic pressure difference b/w IF and plasma capillary |
| Absorption favored by? | plasma protein concentration difference |
| What does the arterial end of the capillary responsible for? Venular end? | Artrial: Filtering Venular: Decrease pressure |
| What is the role of the skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump? | They increase venous pressure locally and increase venous return |
| When you are laying down, what is heppening to venous return? What is the value? | Venous return increases to value of 5 |
| When you stand up, what happens to venous return? | Venous return decreases to 0 |
| REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE | REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE |
| What happens if you increase MAP? | You decrease arterial blood pressure |
| What is the relationshiop between blood pressure and volume? Indirect or direct? | Direct |
| In a hemorage, what do you want to do? | Increase HR and TPR |
| What does an increase in HR ad TPR do? | Increases C.O., stroke volume |
| What does an increase in vascular pressure in the veins and capillaries when you're in the upright position lead to? | Decrease venous return |
| What is CO influenced by? | Heart rate and stroke volume |
| What does an increase in sympathetic activity lead to? Other than Inc. heart rate | vasoconstriction. |
| What happens to flow when you increase pressure? | Decrease flow |
| What causes hypertension? | ncreased TPR and increased vasoconstriction |
| What causes heart failure? | Decreased contractility |
| What is the relationship between contractility and CO? | Direct |
| So what does the lack of blood cause the kidneys to do? Retain or get rid of fluid? | Fluid retention by kidneys |
| RESP I | RESP ONE |
| What is the equation for the bulk flow of air? | F = (Palv - Patm) / R airway |
| What is Residual capacity? | Volume of air in lungs at the end of unforced expiration |
| What is transpulmonary pressure? | (Palv - Pip) |
| What does it do? | Keeps the lungs open |
| What influences lung compliance? (3 things) | Transpulmonary pressure, surface tension and elastic tissue |
| What is the relationship between compliance and surface tesnion? | Indirect |
| What influences the radii of the airway? 5 things | Transpulm pressure, mucos, Ach, Histamine, epinephrine |
| Which vasoconstrict? | Mucos, histamine, Ache |
| Which vasodialate? | Epinephrine, transpulmonary pressure |
| RESP II | RESP TWO: GAS EXCHANGE |
| If the ratio of oxygen consumption to avleolar ventilation is high, what is the value of alveolar PO2? | Low |
| What decreases hemoglobin affinity? | Increase CO2, [H+], temperature |
| Each liter of blood has how much CO2? In what form? | 550mL in bicarbonate form |
| What is the stimulus for the need to decrease CO2? | Hydrogen ion concentration |
| In STRENOUS excercise, what is the O2 amount, [H+}, and CO2 doing? | O2: Same, [H+}: Increase CO2: Decreases |
| RESP III | CONTROL OF RESP |
| What is the hering breur reflex? | Tells us to expire |
| What can inhibit ventilation/ | Increase O2, decrease [H+] and CO2 |
| What is histo hypoxia? | Can't take up blood |
| What happens to partial pressure of Oxygen with increase in altitude? | It decreases |
| How is O2 supply maintained with acclimitzation | P. Chemoreceptors, more RBC, and DPG Increase |
| What do P. chemoreceptors do? | Make kidney lose sodium and water |
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEY | STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KIDNEY |
| What is the amount of glucose excreted per day? | NONE |
| KIDNEY II | KIDNEY II |
| How does sodium reabsorption work? | Osmotic force |
| What controls glomeluar filtration rate? | Baroreceptors |
| What does a decrease in baroreceptor response lead to WRT GFR and Na resorption? | Decrease in GFR and increase in sodium resorption |
| What is a stimulus for aldostrone release? | Decreased Na or decrease in water |
| Three stimuli for renin secretion: | Baroreceptors, decrease pressure |
| What do osmoreceptors do? | Control ADH; if too dilute, secrete urin |
| What stimulates thrist? | Angiotensin II, baroreceptor, osmoreceptors |
Created by:
talkglitter2486