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Oncology Cabrera
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characterized by abnormal, unrelated cell proliferation; Invade normal tissue and compete with normal cells for oxygen, nutrients, and space; Neoplasms or tumors | Cancer |
| Abnormal cells that reproduce without the regulatory mechanisms that control growth | cancer |
| Abnormal tissue or tumors | neoplasms |
| suffix that indicates a tumor | "-oma" |
| cancer of originating from epithelial cells | carcinomas |
| cancers that originate in organs that fight infection | lymphomas |
| cancers that originate in organs that form blood | leukemias |
| cancers that originate in connective tissue (bone and muscle) | sarcomas |
| tumors that are relatively harmless unless location impairs function of vital organs; do not spread to other parts of the body; may cause problems if it puts pressure on or obstructs organs | benign tumors |
| Benign tumors grow __________________. They remain localized and ____________________. | slow and steadily; encapsulated |
| When palpated, benign tumors are: | smooth, easily defined and moveable |
| Benign tumors have less profuse blood _________. Cells resemble _________ tissue. When removed, benign tumors rarely _________ and are rarely fatal. | supply; original; reoccur |
| Malignant tumors are ____________ and capable of spreading. They grow __________ and unpredictably. | invasive; rapidly |
| Malignant tumors are rarely encapsulated. When palpated, they have ________ borders and are immovable. | irregular |
| Malignant tumors have a blood supply that is ___________ than normal. The cells of a malignant tumor are not _____________ to original tissue. | greater; similar |
| Malignant tumors destroy surrounding tissue by depriving it of ________________________. Recurrence is _____________ when removed. They are _______ when not treated. | oxygen, nutrients and space; common; fatal |
| Malignant tumors may have abnormal proteins (tumor markers) on the cell surface that identifies the cell as ______________. | malignant |
| Cancer is the leading cause of death in the US. The most prevalent cancer is ___________. | lung cancer |
| Chemical agents account for ______% of all cancers. | 75% |
| Environmental factors that can cause cancer: | diet, viruses, bacteria, defective genes, medical interventions |
| Major factor in cancer prevention and development: | immune system |
| 4 main tumor classifications: | carcinoma, lymphoma, leukemia, sarcoma |
| pg. 213, Table 18-2 | |
| when malignant cells migrate from the original site | metastasis |
| Most common sites of metastasis are: | liver, brain, bone and lungs |
| Cancer may metastasize to adjacent tissue via the: | lymphatic system or by diffusion in the body cavity |
| commonly removed from the site of the original tumor to be evaluated for cancerous cells | lymph nodes |
| area where malignant cells first form | primary site |
| where the cancer has metastasized or spread to (once the cancer has metastasized; cancer treatment is more difficult and less likely to be curative) | secondary site |
| process of malignant transformation and the 3 stages | carcinogenesis; initiation, promotion, and progression |
| involves carcinogens that alter genetic structure of DNA within cells | initiation |
| repeated exposure to carcinogens transforms genetic information to form mutant cells | promotion |
| malignant cells invade adjacent tissue and metastasize | progression |
| Tumors are classified by: | their anatomic site, stage, and cell appearance and differentiation (ow cells differ from the parent cell or tissue of origin) |
| cancers that arise from fibrous connective tissue | fibroma |
| cancers that arise from fat tissue | lipoma |
| cancers that arise from smooth muscle tissues | leiomyomas |
| cancers that are usually benign: | fibroma, lipoma, leiomyoma |
| cancers that are usually malignant: | carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, leukemia and lymphomas |
| Cancer that arises from epithelial cells (skin, glands, linings of digestive, urinary and respiratory tracts) | carcinoma |
| Cancer that arises from connective tissue (bone, muscle and other connective tissue) | sarcoma |
| cancer that arises from pigment cells of the skin | melanoma |
| cancer that arises from blood forming tissues, lymphoid tissue, plasma cells and bone marrow | leukemias and lymphomas |
| stage of cancer where malignant cells are confined to the tissue of origin | Stage I |
| stage of cancer where cancer has spread to local area (usually the lymph nodes) | Stage II |
| stage of cancer where the tumor is larger or spread to surrounding tissues or both | Stage III |
| stage of cancer where cancer has metastasized to distant body parts | Stage IV |
| Poorly-differentiated | less like parent tissue |
| well-differentiated | looks more like parent cell |
| Seven warning signs of cancer: | change in bowel habits or bladder function; sores that do not heal; unusual bleeding or discharge; thickening or lump in breast or other body parts; indigestion or difficulty swallowing; a recent change in a wart or ole; nagging cough or hoarseness |
| Cancer is the ___________ leading cause of death. | second |
| One-half of all men and __________ of all women will develop cancer during their lives. | one-third |
| risk factors of cancer: | heredity; familial |
| factors and agents that contribute to the development of cancers: | carcinogens |
| Chemical agents account for ______% of all cancers. | 75% |
| Exposure to _____________ are some carcinogens. | tobacco, asbestos, coal dust |
| environmental factors that can lead to cancer: | sunlight, radiation, pollution |
| Diets high in _____, salt smoked meats, alcohol, and __________ can increase the risk of cancer. | fat, nitrates |
| Diets high in fiber, carotene, and Vitamins __________ can reduce the risk of cancer. | A, C, E |
| Cells can change due to invasion of virus DNA and contribute to _________ cancer. | causing |
| Kaposi's sarcoma is usually cause from: | AIDS virus |
| Helicobacter pylori usually turns into: | GI cancers |
| medically prescribed interventions that can cause cancer | immunosuppressive drugs and hormone replacements |
| Prevention and early detection are key to cancer __________. | survival |
| Ways to prevent cancer: | avoid carcinogens; identify high risk people (to be screened sooner); healthy diet; intact immune system |
| Ways to screen for cancer: | self exams; regular doctor exams; know warning signs; early detection |
| tests for carcinomas of the testicals, pancreas and liver | alph-fetoprotein |
| levels are inreased with breast, pancreas, liver, kidney and colon cancer; may be elevated for no reason | carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
| tests for prostate cancer, slightly elevated in benign prostate hyperplasia | prostate-specific antigen (PSA) |
| test for metastatic breast cancer | CA 15-3 |
| test for gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancer | CA 19-9 |
| test for ovarian cancer | CA 125 |
| x-ray that gives 3-dimensional view of tissue used to determine tumor density, size and location; used in detectng many types of cancer | CT |
| x-ray where tissues are observed for changes using radioactive isotope | nuclear imaging |
| x-ray study where magetic fields are used to differentiate diseasesd tissue from healthy tissue; used to study blood flow; visualizes tumors hidden by bone | MRI |
| x-ray test that shows cross-sectional view of tissue that looks at increased concentration of isotopes in malignant cells; differentiates between benign and malignant cells | PET |
| monoclonal antibodies labeled with isotopes are injected intravenously and accumulate at the tumor site which makes tumor able to be visualized | radioimmunoconjugates |
| uses high frequency sound waves; determines if tumor is solid or fluid filled | ultrasound |
| x-rays used to look at differences in the densities of body tissues; used for bone and gastric cancers | fluoroscopy |
| most accurate diagnosis of cancerous cells; tissue samples are excised from the body and are examined microscopically | biopsy |
| types of biopsies | needle biopsy, surgical excision, tissue samples of removed mass |
| immediate examination of the cells once tumor is removed; specimen is quickly frozen into thin sheets and observed | frozen section |
| flexible tubes with special fiber cameras to look at specific body areas | endoscopy |
| endoscopic procedure that looks at the stomach | gastroscopy |
| endoscopic procedure that looks at the lungs | bronchoscopy |
| endoscopic procedure that looks at the colon | colonoscopy |
| microscopic examination of cells; used to diagnose malignancies in cells; can be obtained by needle aspiration, scraping, brushig or sputum | cytology |
| when the tumor is confined and has not invaded surrounding tissues, surgery is the primary treatment; curative treatment | surgery |
| when entire tumor cannot be removed, as much as possible is removed | debulking |
| the tumor and a small amount of surrounding healthy tissues are removed | local excision |
| removes tumor, lymph nodes and any involved adjacent structures and adjacent structures and surrounding tissue that poses a risk for metastasis | wide or radical excision |
| surgery done with a local recurrence of cancer; more extensive than previous surgery | salvage surgery |
| surgery done when client is at high risk for developing cancer; usually done for breast or reproductive cancers | prophylactic surgery |
| surgery done to relieve uncomfortable symptoms or prolong life; not a cure | palliative surgery |
| high-energy ionizing radiation used to destroy cancer cells by disrupting cell function and division and alteration of DNA molecules; cell death occurs immediately or after; no more reproduction can occur | radiation therapy |
| Goal of radiation therapy: | to destroy malignant cells without permanently damaging healthy tissue |
| ____________ cells are more sensitive to radiation. | Malignant |
| causes cell death; usually have daily treatments over several weeks; will be marked with marker or tattoo (do not wash); do not apply any lotions to area | external radiation |
| internal radiation where radioactive source is implanted or placed on the _________ implanted inside the patient's body; poses a ___________ to others | tumor; threat |
| internal radiation that is inserted in the body in a sealed container directy into the tumor body; can be held in place with an applicator | sealed source |
| Precautions when using internal radiation therapy: | private room (preferably lead-lined); sign on door; no children or pregnant women; limit time in room; use lead aprons, monitoring devices; 30 minutes total per shift; monitor for accidental dislodged sources |
| Precautions for unsealed sources (could be liquid, oral, Iodine 131) | wear gloves; body fluids require special considerations because radiation is excreted through urine, saliva, sweat and feces); flush more than once; use separate eating utensils; wash clothes separately;drink plenty of fluids to flush system |
| side effects of radiation | bone marrow suppression/myelosuppression; anemia; leukopenia; thrombocytopenia; alopecia; anorexia, altered taste, mouth sores (stomatitis); dry mouth; erythema to area; harm to fetus, sterility, impotence |
| low blood count | anemia |
| low WBC count (normal is 5,000 - 10,000) | leukopenia |
| low platelet count; prone to bleeding; normal is 150,000 - 450,000 | thrombocytopenia |
| hair loss | alopecia |
| anorexia, altered taste, mouth sores | stomatitis |
| Chemotherapy has the _________ side effect as radiation. | same |
| uses antineoplastic agents to treat cancer cells; can be used to cure cancer, prevention of metastasis, slow growth of tumor, destroy tumor cells or relieve symptoms | chemotherapy |
| Chemotherapy must be given by ______ certified with ________________. | RN; chemo training |
| Chemo can be used to: | cure cancer, prevent metastasis, slow tumor growth, destroy tumor cells, relieve symptoms |
| Chemo agents can be _____________ or ____________. | cell cycle specific or cell cycle non-specific drugs |
| Chemotherapy can be given: | orally, IV, IM, intraperitoneally, intraarterially, intrapleurally, topically, intrathecally (in head), or directly into cavity |
| Chemo is ___________. | cytotoxic (toxic to cells) |
| chemotherapy drugs that interfere with the process of cell division | alkylating drugs and mitotic inhibitors |
| chemotherapy drugs that interfere with DNA and RNA | antineoplastic antibiotics and antimetabolites |
| chemotherapy drugs that are used in treating cancers that use hormones as growth factors | hormones |
| Chemo drugs may be used alone or: | in combinations |
| Chemotherapy cannot distinguish between: | healthy and cancerous cells |
| Side effects of chemotherapy: | N/V, alopecia, dry skin, myelosupression (supress what the bone makes - blood cells); side effects are same for chemo and radiation |
| Chemotherapy may also have toxic effects on: | lungs, heart, nerve tissue, kidneys and bladder |
| Vesicants cause tissue necrosis (extravasation)of surrounding _________________. | tissues and structures |
| Treatment of extravasation and nursing guidelines for patients receiving chemo on pg. 224 | |
| peripheral blood stem cell transplant; collected by apheresis | bone marrow transplantaton |
| process of separating blood into components for later reinfusion | apheresis |
| 3 types of apheresis | autologous (self); allogeneic (compatible donor); syngeneic (identical twin) |
| When apheresis has been done, watch vigorously for: | s/s of infection (many people die from this) because of lack of white blood cells (usually done for leukemia patients) |
| uses biologic response modifiers to stimulate the body's natural immune system to restrict and destroy cancer cells; manipulates the natural immune response by restoring, stimulating or augmenting the natural defenses | immunotherapy |
| Teach chemotherapy patients: | keep all appts; go to ER if fever of 100.4 or more; watch for bleeding; use electric razor; eat small, frequent meals; eat slowly; suck on hard candy; teach about wigs; take lid off tray before entering room; increase fluids to flush out chemo |
| Drugs that help with clotting: | platelets, Vitamin K |
| antigen injected into client in hopes to stimulate an immune response to destroy malignant cells | nonspecific immunotherapy |
| tumor cells are injected into mice to form antibodies; antibodies are removed from the spleen and cultured with more cancer cells to form more antibodies which are injected into a client to destroy tumor cells (after purification) | monoclonal antibody immunotherapy |
| immunotherapy - substances that immune system cells produce to enhance the immune system | interferons; interleukins; ematopoietic growth factors (colony stimulating factors); tumor necrosis factor |
| colony stimulating factors that are good at treating s/e of radiaion - can stimulate RBC growth or WBC growth without blood transfusions | hmatopoietic growth factors |
| type of immunotherapy - uses tems > 41.5C (106.7F) to destroy tumor cells; alters cell membrane permeability so that uptake of chemo and immunoterapeutic agents are increased; uses radio waves, ultrasound, microwaves, hot water baths | hyperthermia |
| Clients may experience local burns, tissue damage, electrolyte imbalances and neuropathies when being treated with: | hyperthermia |
| photoactive drug injected into client (porfimer/Photofrin); stored in high concentrations in malignant cells; laser light activates drugand destroys tumor; pt must stay protected from sunlight and bright indoor light for 30 days or sunburn can occur | photodynamic therapy |
| replaces altered genes with correct genes, inhibiting defective genes, and introducing substances that destroy genes or cancer cells | gene therapy |
| process that rids the body of cells that are not longer needed or defective in some way | apoptosis |
| Researchers think that tumor cells have an ______________ molecule that prevents their destrction from natural ways; are trying to find meds that block those molecules so cancer cells can die | anti-cell-death |
| number one cause of cancer cell death | lung cancer |
| Lung cancer has an increased number of diagnosis because of: | more accurate diagnosing; aging population; cigarette smoking; increased air pollution; exposure to industrial pollution |
| four major cells types involved with lung cancer: | epidermold or squamous cell; lart cell or undifferentiated; adenocarcinoma; small cell or oat cell |
| slow growing; arise from the bronchi and bronchioles leading to obstruction; metastasize to the thorax and small bowel; 25%-35% of all lung tumors | epidermold or squamous cell |
| arise in the peripheral bronchi; no well-defined growth patters; usually diagnosed as a bulky tumor mass; metastasize early to the CNS; 5% - 20% of all lung tumors | large cell or undifferentiated |
| arise from the mucus glands; patchy growth throughout lung fields; lead to malignant pleural effusion; 25%-35% of lung tumors | adenocarsinoma |
| most malignant form of lung cancer; arises from the bronchi; hypersecretes antiduiretic hormone; metastasizes to the mediastinum, liver, bone, bone marrow, CNS, adrenal glands, pancreas and other endocrine organs | small cell or oat cell (worst type) |
| symptoms do not appear until the disease is well established; long term suvival rate is low; s/s - nagging cough, bloody sputum, weight loss, SOBOE (shortness of breath on exertion) | small cell or oat cell |
| any malignant blood disorder in which the leukocytes (WBCs), usually in an immature form, proliferate unregulated; often accompanied by a decrease in erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets | leukemia |
| Four types of leukemia | acute lymphocytic leukemia; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; acute meylogenous leukemia; chronic myelogenous leukemia |
| onset is usually younger that 5, rarely over 15; increased lymphocytes, decrease RBCs and platelets | acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) |
| onset is older than 40; most common type in adults; increased lymphocytes, normal or low RBCs and platelets | chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) |
| decrease in myeloid formed cells (monocytes, granulocytes, RBCs and platelets); occurs in all age ranges | acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) |
| same as AML but greater number of normal cells; onset is older than 20, increasing incidence with age; genetic link | chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
| s/s of leukemia | fatigue from anemia; infections; bruising; spleen and lymph enlargement; bleeding in the nose, mouth and GI tract |
| treatment for leukemia | chemotherapy; bone marrow transplant; stem cell transplant |
| malignancy involving the plasma cells of B-lymphocyte cells in the bone marrow; prognosis is poor with estimated survival rate of 1-5 years | multiple myeloma |
| pathophysiology of multiple myeloma | abnormal plasma cells release osteoclast acivating factor; esteoclast breaks down bone cells; increases blood calcium; greatly increases risk of fractures; releases proteins that damage kidneys and reduce production of antibodies |
| treatment for multiple myeloma | steroids (can slow bone growth) and chemotherapy; bone marrow transplants; stem cell transplants; treatment does not cure, but prolongs life |
| cancer that affects the lymphatic system | lymphoma |
| two types of lymphomas: | Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkins |
| lymphoma - age of onset is 15-40 and then older than 55; has Reed-Sternberg cells; orderly growth; more curable | Hodgkins |
| lymphoma - thirty subtypes; peaks after 50; no Reed-Sternberg cells; B and T cell origins; metastasis is common; less curable | Non-Hodgkins |
| lymphomas are treated with: | radiation; chemotherapy; immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (tumor fighting antibodies); bone marrow transplant |
| named for cell type and area of the brain; account for a small percentage of cancer deaths; about 50% are malignant; benign tumors can be fatal because of increased ICP and damage to surrounding tissues | brain tumors |
| s/s of brain tumors are related to: | the area of the brain that is invaded by the tumor |
| most common type of brain tumor | glioma |
| most aggressive brain tumor | glioblastoma |
| treatment of brain cancer | surgical removal if possible; limited radiation; some chemotherapy |
| approximately 75% develop in the sigmoid colon and rectum; genetics; lifestyle and environmental factors contribute; many develop from benign adenomas | cancer of the GI tract |
| rarely begins in the liver; chemotherapy is the main treatmen, but is usually considered palliative treatment | cancer of the liver |
| fatal - usually less than a year; quickly spreads to duodenum, stomach, spleen and left adrenal gland | cancer of the pancreas |
| for cancer in the head of the pancreas, s/s include: | pain, jaundice, weight loss, N/V and diarrhea |
| for cancer in the tail of the pancreas, s/s include: | GI bleed or back pain |
| treatment for pancreatic cancer - | if cancer is in the head of the panreas, surgery may be an option; radiation and chmotherapy may prolong life |
| accounts for 3% of cancer; may reach considerable size before etection; s/s include anemia, weakness and weight loss; late s/s are gross hematuria (peeing blood) and flank pain | cancer of the kidney |
| treatment for cancer of the kidney | removal of the kidney (nephrectomy); not responsive to chemotherapy or radiation, however radiation may be used as a palliative measure |
| occurs most often in men, 50 to 70 years old; risk factors include cigarette smoking and exposure to rubber and cable chemicals; s/s include painless intermittent hematuria, bladder irritability and infections | cancer of the bladder |
| treatment of cancer of the bladder | partial or total cystectomy; may require urostomy; chemotherapy |
| abnormal osteoblast or myeloblast (marrow cells) that exhibit rapid and uncontrolled growth; usually located around the knee in the distal femur or proximal fibula; s/s/ include pathological break, limp, or abnormal gait | bone cancer |
| treatment for bone cancer | amputation, chemotherapy, radiation |
| endometrial cells that migrate out of the uterus and attach to toher organsi in the pelvic cavity; builds and bleeds like the tissue within the uterus, causing pain and local inflammation; considered benign unterine growth | endometriosis |
| complications of endometriosis | obstruction of organs in plevic area (bladder, bowels, urethra) |
| treatment of endometrisis | drugs that decrease endometrionic growth; laparoscopy; hysterectomy |
| after a hysterectomy, monitor for: | bleeding - main post-op complication |
| most prevalent form of cancer in women; in early stages, survival rate is greater than 90%; 80% of breast lumps are benign | breast cancer |
| types of breast cancer: | ductual carcinoma; lobular carcinoma; medullary carcinoma; mucinous carcinoma; tubular ductal carcinoma; inflammatory breast cancer |
| Breast cancer may be in any part of the breast, but 48% are locted in the _________________ and 17% are located in the ________________. | upper outer quadrant; nipple area |
| When palpating, breast cancer can feel like: | a painless mass, firm, irregular shaped, fixed to underlying structures |
| __________ women have the highest incidence of breast cancer, but ___________ women are most likely to die from breast cancer. | white; black |
| late s/s of breast cancer: | dimpling of skin, nipple discharge, retraction of nipple, edema, differences in nipple size, lymph nodes may be enlarged |
| routine screening for breast cancer: | physical exam every 3 years until 40, then yearly; base-line mammogram at 40; monthly self exams (after each period - if post menopausal, same day each month) |
| treatment for breast cancer: | lumpectomy; simple mastectomy (all breast tissue - no lymph nodes); radical mastectomy (all breast, axillary lymph nodes, pectoralis major - pg 852); removal of lymph nodes pg 852-853 |
| after breast cancer surgery: | cancer is staged and determined whether or not it is estrogen receptor positive; radiation therapy; chemotherapy; reconstructive surgery may be done, using the pectoral muscle or abdomen muscles |
| If breast cancer is estrogen receptor positive, madication is given to suppress estrogen | Tamoxifin |
| after breast cancer surgery: | no needle sticks to affected side; no blood pressures to affected side; elevation of affected arm; no lifting with affected arm |
| metastasizes widely to the abdomen through the peritoneal fluid; incidence is low, mortality is high; vague or no symptoms until the cancer is well advanced; most s/s are attributed to the GI tract | ovarian cancer |
| treatment for ovarian cancer | if confine to ovaries, surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiation |
| rare cancer; can be caused byHPV or genital herpies; s/s are pruritis and burning, white patches (vulvar) and vaginal bleeding (vaginal) | vulvar cancer and vanginal cancer |
| treatment of vulvar cancer and vanginal cancer | surgical removal; chemotherapy; radiation |
| most common in men older than 50; thrid most common cause of cancer deaths in men; grows slowly; high survival rate if detected early; cause is unknow but r/t diets high in fat | prostate cancer |
| s/s of prostate cancer | decreased urinary flow and difficulty starting stream (early sign); back pain; hematuria (blood in urine); hemospermia; erectile dysfunction |
| diagnosis of prostate cancer: | rectal exam; elevated PSA (prostate-specific antingen);biopsy; IVP (Intravenous Polygram to watch urinary flow) to detect urinary tract dysfunction |
| treatment of prostate cancer: | prostatectomy (TURP - Transurethral Resection of Prostate); bilateral orhiectomy; hormone therapy; radiation |
| rare cancer; occurs more often in uncircumcised men; treatment includes tumor excision, chemo, and radiation; advanced requres amputation of the penis, testes and scrotum | cancer of the penis |
| rapidly metastasizing malignancy; occurs between 18 and 40; involve sperm forming germ cells | cancer of the testes |
| s/s of cancer of the testes | gradual or sudden swelling of the scrotum; hard, non-tender lump felt on palpation; aching in testes; abdominal pain (late sign) |
| treatment of cancer of the testes | orchiectomy and ligation of the affected testicle (sperm can be frozen for later use); chemotherapy; radiation; |
| most common type of cancer in the US; increased exposure to UV radiation increases risk | cancer of the skin (although most people die from lung cancer) |
| 3 types of skin cancer: | basal cell carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; malignant melanoma |
| most common skin cancer; small, shiny gray or yellow plaque; slow growing, rarely metastasizes; commonly recurs | basal cell carcinoma |
| skin cancer that occurs in sun exposed areas such as ear, nose, hands, scalp; scaly, elevated lesion with irregular borders; shallow ulcerations form if untreated; can metastasize through the blood and lymph | squamous cell carcinoma |
| skin cancer that arises from pre-existing moles anywhere on the body; raised brown or black lesions; poor prognosis because of distant metastases | malignant melanoma |
| s/s of skin cancer | |
| treatment for skin cancer: | surgical excision, cryosurgery or radiation therapy for basal cell adn squamous cell; radical excision of tumor and adjacent tissues and chemotherapy for melanoma; skin grafting may be necessary |
| nursing managment of the client with skin cancer: | pain and comfort - pain can be from obstruction or nerve compression by a tumor; fatigue (from chemo) |
| S/S of infecton caused by treatment of cancer | fever; elevated WBC count; pain, redness; drainage |
| Other symptoms client being treated for cancer may have: | bleeding (use electric razor); immobility; alterations in body image; changes in psychological and mental status; grieving; emotional support to client and family; side effects of chemotherapy and radiation |
| Client and family teaching with cancer: | medicatins, treatment and procedures (teach pts what to expect from treatment and procedures); adverse effects associated with treatment; resources for support; follow-up needed after discharge from the hospital |
| When treating pt with cancer, you must allow time for clients to express their feelings or discuss home care. | |
| Teach pt to go watch for s/s of infection - go to ER if fever is over: | 100.4 |
Created by:
akgalyean
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