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PHM 315 Ch 7d
Diagnostic Tests and Procedures CV
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| auscultation | physical examination method of listening to sounds in the body with the aid of a stethoscope |
| bruit | noise, an abnormal heart sound caused by turbulence within |
| gallop | an abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction |
| electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG) | electrical picture of the heart represented by positive and negative deflections on a graph labeled with the letters P Q R S T and corresponding to events of the cardiac cycle |
| stress electrocardiogram | an ECG of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise using a treadmill or bike(ergometer). good to detect ischemia and infarction |
| Holter ambulatory monitor | portable ECG worn by patient that monitors electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours - good to find periodic abnormalities |
| intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS) | invasive procedure involving placement of catherter-guided electrodes within the heart to evaluate and map the electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias. intracardiac catheter ablation can be done at the same time to treat arrhythmia |
| intracardiac catheter ablation | use of radiofrequency waves sent through a catheter within the heart to treat arrhythmias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue at sites generating abnormal electrical pathology |
| magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology |
| nuclear medicine imaging of the heart | radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administration of radioactive isotopes to visulaize structures and analyze function |
| myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan | scan of the heart made after an intravenous injection of an isotope that is absorbed by myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow throughout the heart |
| myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan | nuclear scan of the heart taken after the induction of controlled physical exercise via treadmill/bike. or giving a drug that produces the effect of exercise strss in patients unable to ambulate |
| positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart | nuclear isotopes and computed tomography techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow) images and study the cellular metabolism of the heart; @ rest or w/ stress |
| radiology | x ray imaging |
| angiography | xray of a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium |
| angiogram | record obtained by angiography |
| coronary angiogram | xray of the blood vessels of the heart |
| arteriogram | xray of a particular artery |
| aortogram | xray of the aorta |
| venogram | xray of a vein |
| cardiac catheterization | introduction of a flexible, narrow tube (catheter) through a vein/artery to withdraw a sample of blood, measure pressures within the heart chambers/vessels and inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography & cine film imaging of chambers |
| left heart catheterization | xray of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arties |
| right heart catheterization | measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings from the right side of the heart |
| ventriculogram | an xray visualizing the ventricles |
| stroke volume (SV) | measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction |
| cardiac output (CO) | measurement of the amount of blood ejected from either ventricle of the hear per minute |
| ejection fraction | measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction |
| sonography | sonographic imaging |
| echocardiography (ECHO) | recording of sounds waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion |
| stress echocardiogram | echocardiogram of the heart during excercise - good to detect ischemia or infarction |
| transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) | echocardiographic immage of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus |
| doppler sonography | ultrasound technique to evaluate blood flow to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or carotid insufficiency or flow through heart/chambers/valves |
| intravascular sonography | ultrasound images made after a sonographic transducer is placed at the tip of a catheter within a blood vessel - evaluates things like buildup of plaque |
| coronary artery bypass graft | grafting portion of blood vessel from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery. bypass through heart/lung machine during surgery used |
| anastomosis | opening; joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to another |
| endarterectomy | incision and coring of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque build up |
| transmyocardial revascularization (TMR) | laser technique to open tiny channels in the heart muscle to restore blood flow. relieves angina . good option for patients not treated with angioplasty or coronary artery bypass |
| valve replacement | sugery to replace a diseased heart valve with an artificial one (tissue or mechanical) |
| valvuloplasty | repair of a heart valve |
| endovascular surgery | interventional procedure performed endoscopically at the time of cardiac catheterization |
| angioscopy | flexible fiberoptic angioscope/irrigation system/camera guided through a blood vessel to virtually assess the lesion |
| atherectomy | excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery using a device in a flexible catheter that cuts away tissue buildup |
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment then inflating. most often includes placement of a stent |
| intravascular stent | implantation of a device to reinforce the wall of a vessel and ensure patency. used to treat stenosis, a dissection, or to reinforce after angioplasty |
| defibrillation | termination of ventricular fibrillation using an electrical stimulus by applying electrodes (external or internal-open heart surgery or an implant) |
| defibrillator | device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation |
| cardioversion | termination of tachycardia pharmaceutically of by delivering electrical energy |
| implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) | implanted battery operated device with rate sensing leads that monitor cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia |
| pacemaker | device to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating the heart to contract. usually implanted lead wires inserted into the heart do this |
| thrombolytic therapy | dissolution of thrombi using drugs - ex streptokinase, tissue plasma activator (TPA) |
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