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Anatomy-Ch.12
Nervous system cells notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells of the Nervous System | Neuron, Glia |
| what is a Neuron | functional unit |
| three types of neurons | multipolar neuron, bipolar neuron, unipolar neuron |
| Dendrites | carry impulses TOWARD cell body |
| Axon | carry impulses AWAY from cell body |
| Nissl bodies | provides protein molecules needed for the transmission of nerve signals |
| Nodes of Ranvier | gaps in myelin sheath, increases speed of nerve impulses |
| Telodendria | distal, branching tips of axon |
| multipolar neurons | found in brain and spinal cord; many dendrites, 1 axon |
| bipolar neuron | found in eye, ear, olfactory pathways; least numerous |
| Unipolar neuron | always a sensory neuron |
| Glia | support neurons, do not conduct info |
| 5 types of Glia | Astrocytes, Microgila, Ependymal cells,oligodendrocytes, schwann cell |
| Astrocyte | "feeds" the neuron, helps form blood-brain barrier; largest & most numerous |
| Microglia | phagocytosis ability |
| Ependymal cells | line fluid filled cavities in brain and spinal cord |
| Oligodendrocytes | produces myelin sheath around nerve fibers in CNS |
| Schwann Cell | produces fatty myelin sheath around nerve fibers in PNS |
| Neurilemma | sheath, essential to regeneration of injured nerve fibers; regeneration will only occur if neurilemma & cell bodies are intact |
| White Matter | Myleinated nerve fibers |
| Grey Matter | made up of cell bodies & unmyleinated fibers in CNS; ganglia & unmyleinated fibers in PNS |
| Endoneurium | surrounds each nerve fiber |
| Fasicles | bundles of nerve fibers w/ their endoneurium |
| Perineurium | surrounds fasicles |
| Epineurium | surrounds complete nerve |
| Central Nervous System consists of | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System consists of | nerves arising from brain and spinal cord |
| Afferent Division aka | Sensory division |
| Sensory Division | incoming sensory pathways- sense organs to CNS |
| interneuron | connects afferent and efferent nerves, lies entirely within the CNS |
| Efferent division aka | Motor division |
| Motor division | outgoing motor pathways- CNS to muscles or glands |
| Somatic Nervous system | carries info to skeletal muscles |
| autonomaic Nervous System | carries info to smooth muscles, glands and cardiac muscle |
| Somatic, Voluntary or Involuntary? | voluntary |
| Autonomaic, voluntary or involuntary? | involuntary |
| Sympathetic | prepares body for "flight of fight" |
| Parasympathetic | coordinates body's normal resting activities ex: digestion |
| Reflex Arc | Receptor> sensory neuron> interneuron> motor neuron> effector |
| Nerve impulses | wave of electrical fluctuation that travels along a plasma membrane |
| membrane potential | difference in electrical charge across a plasma membrane of a neuron |
| polarized | term referring to a neuron that has membrane potential |
| resting membrane potential | when a nerve is not conducting an impulse |
| charge when a nerve is not conducting an impulse | -70mv |
| voltage gated channel | open in in response to voltage fluctuation |
| example of voltage gated channel | potassium pump |
| Action Potential | membrane potential of an active neuron |
| Nerve impulse | all-or-none response |
| action potential aka | nerve impulse |
| stages/steps of a nerve impulse | 1. stimuli causes Na+ to come into cell 2.Influx causes adjacent gates to open creating a nerve impulse 3. depolarization occurs |
| repolarization | after impulse, membrane moves back to resting membrane potential |
| repolarization must occur before what? | a new impulse is detected |
| relative refractory period | milliseconds after impulse, membrane is repolarizing |
| relative refractory period will only respond to | a very strong stimulus |
| anesthesia | work by inhibiting the opening of the sodium channels, thus inhibiting the impulse |
| how many sodium ions are pumped out of the neuron for every 2 potassium ions pumped into the neuron | three |
| saltatory conduction | impulse conduction where impulse "jumps" from node of ranvier to node of ranvier |
| the larger the diameter of a nerve.... | the faster the impulse |
| synapse | place where signals are transmitted from one neuron to another |
| synapse (technical terms) | transmitted from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron |
| Synaptic transmission (2 types) | Electrical and Chemical |
| Chemical Synapse (3 structures) | synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron |
| synaptic knob | tiny bulge at end of presynaptic neuron's axon (contains neurotransmitter) |
| synaptic cleft | space between pre and post synaptic neuron |
| contains protein receptors for neurotransmitters | plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron |
| neurotransmitters | released and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell |
| neurotransmitters are classified by.... | function and chemical structure |
| 4 main chemical classes | acetylcholine (ACh), Amines, amino acids, "other" small molecules |
| Amines are found where? | brain |
| seratonin and histamine are? | Amines |
| severe depression results from? | insufficient amines in the brain |
| Catecholamines | Dopamine, epinephtine and norepinephrine |
| what blocks the uptake of dopamine? | cocaine |
| Most disorders of the nervous system involve what? | glia |
| Multiple Sclerosis | disorder of oliodendrocyte |
| Glioma | most common brain tumor, usually benign |
| Benign | noncancerous |
| Glioblastoma multoforme | highly malignant form of an astrocytic tumor |
| glioblastoma multoforme spreads in what part of the brain? | white matter |
| multiple neurofibromatosis | numerous fibrous neuromas throughout the body |
Created by:
mobey68