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PHYSIO - Exam #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define hematocrit | (Hct) What percentage of total volume is red blood cells [normal = 45%] - if RBC's is low = anemia - low total volume = dehydration |
| define serum | blood plasma without fibrinogen (clotting) and other clotting factors |
| define plasma: albumin, globulin, fibrogen | - fluid portion of blood containing mostly water and some proteins: - Albumin: maintains osomotic pressure of blood - Globulin protein: transporters - Fibrinoogen protein: blood clotting Proteins are made in the liver (except immunoglobulins, globulin |
| define buffy coat | contains white blood cells (WBC's) and platelets |
| define anemia | - hemoglobin content is too low = the blood cannot transport enough oxygen to the tissues - most common in iron deficiency and women b/c of menstration - low hemoglobin=low O2=anemia - hemolytic anemia: RBC destruction is greater than RBC production |
| define hematopoiesis | the synthesis of blood cells beginning in embryonic development and continues throughout a person's life - process of making the formed elements in blood - process of producing specialized cells in the blood (RBC, WBC, platelets) |
| define pluripotent stem cell | a cell that has not gone through the process of specialization yet - ability to develop into many different cell types - used for stem cell research to alter the unspecialized cells to w.e the researcher wants them to be |
| define hypoxia | lack of oxygen in the tissues - stimulates production of a transcription facter called hypoxia-inducible factor 1 which increases erythropoietin (EPO) synthesis - EPO process helps body maintain homeostasis |
| define red blood cells/erythrocyte (RBC's) | red blood cells are most abundant cell type in the blood - facilitates oxygen transport from the lungs to cells, and carbon dioxide transport from cells to lungs - sink to the bottom of a test tube when spun on a centrifuge b/c of heavy weight |
| define white blood cells/leukocytes (WBC's) | play's a huge roll in the body's immune response, defending the body against foreign invaders - lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils |
| define erythropoietin (EPO) | glycoprotein that controlls the production of RBC's (erythropoiesis) - primarily made in the kidneys of adults - made on demand and not stored - regulates production of RBC - released b/c of low oxygen levels (hypoxia) |
| define erythropoiesis | production of RBC's - RBC's lose their nucleus right before they get released to the blood stream |
| define platelet/thrombocytes | important in coagulation, process which blood clots provent blood loss in damaged blood vessels - cell fragments of megakaryocytes which sheds small fragments of small, colorless, and lacking nuclei platelet - life span of about 10 days |
| structure of hemoglobin | tetramer comprising four globular protein chains - 2 2 alpha and 2 beta proteins (globlin) - has an iron-containing heme group at the center (low hemoglobin=low O2=anemia) |
| function of hemoglobin | transports oxygen |
| location of hemoglobin | in RBC's - transferred to different organs to be altered ex: the spleen converts Hb into bilirubin |
| What is the role of iron? | iron is essential to produce heme groups within hemoglobins - iron taken from diet, bone marrow uses iron to make hemoglobins |
| How hemoglobin is used in assessing blood glucose levels in diabetes? | glucose binds with hemoglobin producing hemoglobin A1c ("A-one-C) - the amount of hemoglobin A1c is related to hemoglobin's exposure to glucose over the preceding 8-12 weeks |
| Where and when are RBC's destroyed? | RBC's die in the spleen (some in the liver) after approximately 120 +/- 20 days |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | RBC's releases O2 they become crystallized, so when they come across one another, they get tangled causing a blockage in the blood vessel |
| Hemolytic Anemia | RBC destruction is greater than RBC production |
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | low in iron, hemoglobin lacks sufficient amount of heme groups containing iron |
| Aplastic Anemia | caused by certain drug and radiation |
| Polycythemia | stem cell dysfunction that produces too mych blood cells |
| Relative Polycythemia | blood cell count is normal, but their hematocrit is elevated because of low plasma volume |
| autocrine signal | cell releases ligand and binds to its own cell |
| paracrine signal | cell releases ligand and attaches to neighboring cell by diffursion |
| lipophilic signal | receptor is inside the cell, such as cytoplasm or nucleus - can go through lipid membrane - goes into nucleus and tells it what to make (genes and proteins)like mRNA |
| hydrophilic signal | receptors on the surgace |
| ligand | signal that binds to receptor (some type of stimulus) |
| agonist | ligand that gives same response and binds to same receptor |
| antagonist | ligand that binds to the same receptor that blocks receptor activity |
Created by:
faye5
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