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Gerontology 1 of 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Myths about old people: | they are sick; can't learn new things; too late for lifestyle changes to improve health; genetics are main factor in longevity; drain on society; aren't sexual; senile; isolated from their families; most live in nursing homes; are poor; are unhappy |
| Percentage of old people who live alone on their own or in a family setting: | 67% |
| The fastest growing segment of the older population is made up of: | people over 85 |
| The ___________ population is expected to grow the fastest. | Hispanic |
| Among older Americans, the poverty rates is the highest at _________. | older ages |
| Older adults must discover activities to fill time previously ________________. | spent at work and raising families. |
| Activities that fill time must sustain a sense of: | usefulness and self-worth |
| Developmental stages: Older adults must adjust to physical _________ brought on by aging. | limitations |
| Developmental stages: Older adults must secure ___________ living arrangements. | acceptable |
| Developmental stages: Older people should try to develop meaningful social: | relationships |
| Developmental stages: Older adults must adjust to losses that accompany aging such as: | loss of friends, family or spouse through death, reduced income, and functional loss |
| Developmental stages: One stage is to recognize the __________ in one's life. | meaning |
| Developmental stages: An older adult should accept and prepare for one's: | death |
| Family members should be encouraged to talk with an older person if the older person: | brings up the subject |
| Most adults engage in a: | life review |
| A life review is usually promptd by thinking about: | one's own death |
| Life review can be a peaceful introspective process, an intense __________, or somewhere in between. | struggle |
| Things that might be done during a time of life review: | Give information to the next generation about past events; reveal information that had been hidden (family secrets); resolve old conflicts |
| The study of aging, including physiologic, psychological and social aspects. | Gerontology |
| The goal of research is to find ways to extend both the ________ and __________ of life. | quantity; quality |
| Literally means to "eat self". Doesn't mean cells are totally consumed, but portions of them are consumed to reduce their size. Contributes to decreased weight and height and atrophy of tissues. | autophagocytosis |
| Proposed that the physical, psychological and social changes produced biological stress. The defense mechanisms associated with the stress response eventually weaken, leading to death. | Hans Selye |
| Theory that as people age, the immune system becomes impaired, the body's defenses are weakened, leaving it vulnerable to overwhelming infection and cancer. As the immune system declines, the body misidentifies normal cells as foreign, leading to death. | Theory of Decline of the Immune System |
| Unstable atoms with excessive energy capable of damaging DNA molecules. | free radicals |
| It is possible that free radicals are responsible to changes in: | aging |
| _____________ resist the damaging effects of free radicals using chemicals called _______. | Healthy cells; antioxidants |
| these block the chemical reactions that cause free radicals | antioxidants |
| Normal age related changes in skin: | epidermis becomes more fragile, increasing risk of skin damage such as tears, maceration and infection; skin repairs more slowly, increasing risk of infection; melanocyte activity declines, making person more susceptible to the effects of the sun |
| Clusters of melanocytes form senile lentigo, or: | lentingenes |
| Lentingenes are most often seen on areas of the body exposed to: | sunlight |
| raised wart-like molecules with distinct edges that range in color from light tan to black. | seborrheic keratosis |
| With older patients, nurses need to realize what normal aging changes are and what is: | abnormal |
| Reproductive changes in older people - signs of decreaseed hormone production: | atrophy of ovaries, uterus, and vagina; benign prostatic hypertrophy; slowed sexual responses |
| Most people older than 75 have at lease ______ chronic health problem. | 1 |
| Most common chronic health problem in older people: | hypertension (51%) |
| Chronic health problems found in older people: | hypertension, arthritis, heart disease, obesity, anemia, diabetes, cancer, malnutrition, cirrhosis, mental illness, dementia |
| degeration of brain tissue - found in a small percentage of older adults | dementia |
| most common form of dementia | Alzheimer's |
| Health promotion behaviors for older adults: | eat a healthy diet; take a daily multivitamin; participate in physical activity regularly; get physical examinations regularly; do not smoke; limit alcohol use |
| What type of diet is best for elderly? | low calorie/high nutrient diet |
| What can be done to help elderly eat better? | add seasoning |
| Older women benefit from taking: | calcium and Vitamin D |
| As a nurse, you should find out if the patient can afford to come to appointments, afford _________, have transportation, etc. | medications |
| No matter when you quit or how long you have smoked, you will: | benefit if you quit smoking |
| Five common physical care problems: | impaired mobility; alteration in elemination (incontinence, constipation); alteration in nutrition; sensory deficits; polypharmacy |
| Other chronic diseases that cause problems: | Parkinson's disease, arthritis, emphysema, cardiac disease |
| Causes for alteration in mobility: | effects of aging, major loss of calcium, decreased bone density; decreased muscle mass; loss of joint flexibility |
| Major loss of calcium will put a person at risk for: | fracture |
| __________ excercises will help with muscle mass, bone density, etc. | Range of Motion (ROM) |
| Nursing interventions to prevent falls: | assess medications; change positions slowly; use gait belt if needed; educate to keep active; ensure proper arthritis and osteoporosis treatment; limit bed confinement; have pts use assistive devices such as canes or walkers |
| More nursing interventions to prevent falls: | call bells should be readily available; brakes on wheelchairs should be locked; paths should be kept clear and spills wiped up; lighting may need to be adjusted; call bells should be answered promptly; home environment should be assessed for hazards |
| drugs that can affect orthostatic hypotension: | BP meds, diuretics, antihistamines, narcotics, sedatives, and hypnotics |
| If a pt gets dizzy, have them: | sit down immediately |
| If a pt has had a fall, they may be afraid to: | get back up |
| If a pt wants to stay in bed, you may want to: | give them motivation to get out of bed. |
| Patients who use assistive devices should be taught how to: | use them correctly |
| Things that should be assessed in the pts home environment are: | furniture arrangement (should be arranged to help mobility); rugs; electrical cords; animals and animal feces; nightlight; bed alarm |
| Urinary incontinence is or is not a normal effect of aging? | is not |
| Urinary incontinence could be the result of an: | acute or chronic problem |
| Effects of aging on elimination: | altered sphincter control; loss of bladder muscle tone (can happen when holding uringe); enlarged prostate; cystocele (bladder bulging into vagina); rectocele (bladder bulging into rectum); uterine prolapse; bladder prolapse; diminished kidney function |
| One of the most common reasons for institutionalization: | urinary incontinence |
| The ________________ for incontinence should be assessed for. | underlying cause |
| Bladder __________ can be done for urinary incontinence. | retraining |
| Prompted voiding is: | telling the patient when to go to the restroom. |
| Habit, or _________ voiding, can be taught to cognitively impaired patients. You may have to wake the pt up in the night to go to the restroom. | timed |
| To prevent skin breakdown with incontinent patients, you should: | check pts whoe wear briefs every 2 hours |
| Use _______________ when caring for patients who are incontinent to help change briefs easier. | easy-release clothing |
| Effect of aging that involves decreased bowel motility. May be cause from bed rest (not mobile), pain medications (especially narcotics), or poor diet. | constipation |
| Signs and symptoms of fecal impaction: | may include abdominal cramping or rectal pain, abdominal distention, the passing of small amounts of liquid stoot, and loss of appetite |
| Nursing interventions for constipation or fecal impaction: | hot water and lemon juice first thing in the morning; prunes or prune juice with carbonated drink, bran cereal or whole grain breads, and roughage; encourage fluid intake of at least 2500 mL/day; encourage excercise, advise pt go when they feel the need |
| Impacted stool may require_________________. What should be monitored when digitally removing stool? | manual removal; pulse rate |
| Alteration in nutrition in the elderly are caused by: | effects of aging; diseased teeth; poorly fitting dentures; decline in taste buds; decline in sense of smell; dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) |
| ___________, or skin tags, are small brown or flesh colored projections of skin that are most often observed on the necks of older adults | cutaneous papilloma |
| With loss of __________, wrinkles develop. Skin that is very dry or that has had excessive exposure to sunlight is more likely to wrinkle at a younger age | elasticity |
| Hair color tends to __________ because of pigment loss with age. | fade or "gray" |
| ___________ grow more slowly and may become thick and more brittle and ridges and lines are commonly observed with age. | fingernails |
| With aging, sweat gland function _________ and the amount of perspiration decreases. This results in heat ___________ because the body’s cooling system is less efficient. | decreases; intolerance |
| A decrease in the function of sebaceous and sweat gland secretion increases the likelihood of _________. This may cause _________. | dry skin; pruritus (itching) |
| Age makes the walls of the capillaries become increasingly ___________. They may hemorrhage, leading to senile ________ (bruising – red, purple or brown areas commonly seen on the arms and legs) | fragile; purpura |
| Total body fluid _________ with age. Plasma and __________ remain constant, but intracellular fluid __________. This increases the risk of dehydration. | decreases; extracellular volume; decreases |
| Aging causes tissue changes, including a decrease in ________________ that is visible in the __________, hollows in the supraclavicular space and __________ of the breast and neck tissue. | subcutaneous tissue; eye orbits; sagging |
| Shrinkage in the _______ provided by subcutaneous tissue places the older adult at increased risk for ___________, or breakdown of the tissue over ______________. | cushion; pressure ulcers; bony prominences |
| Pressure sores are a significant problem for _______________ people such as those who are bedridden or confined to a wheelchair. | immobilized |
| The decrease in the amount of subcutaneous tissue reduces the older adult’s ability to regulate body ____________. | temperature (hypothermia) |
| normal physical changes of aging; begins occurring early in adulthood; often goes unnoticed until a problem develops | benign senescence |
| The cardiac changes that occur with aging are: | increased heart size, decreased cardiac output, less elastic blood vessels |
| Respiratory changes that occur with aging: | thickened alveolar walls, weakened respiratory muscles, decreased vital capacity |
| Musculoskeletal changes that occur with aging: | thinned intervertebral disks, decreased bone calcium, smaller muscle mass, less elastic ligaments and tendons |
| Integumentary changes that occur with aging: | Thinner, drier skin; loss of subcutaneous fat, slower rate of hair and nail growth |
| Urologic changes that occur with aging: | decreased bladder capacity and tone; loss of nephrons; decreased sphincter control |
| Neurologic changes that occur with aging: | presbyopia; cataracts; decreased peripheral vision; presbycusis; decrease in touch, smell, and taste receptors; slowed reaction time; balance may be affected |
| Endocrine changes that occur with aging: | slowed production of all hormones, decreased metabolic rate, delayed insulin response |
| Gastrointestinal changes that occur with aging: | decreased secretion of saliva and other digestive enzymes, slowed peristalsis, slowed liver and pancreatic functions, reduced absorption of nutrients |
Created by:
akgalyean
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