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AP Bio Chapter 51
Behavioral Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Behavioral Ecology | Study of animal behavior |
| Behavior | Everything an animal does and how it does it (a series of responses to changes in stimuli) |
| Proximate Questions | "How" questions such as what stimuli impact the behavior or the anatomy and physiology behind the action |
| "Does the day length trigger courtship behaviors?" | Proximate Question |
| Ultimate Questions | "Why" questions, how the behavior is adaptive |
| "Why court at this time?" | Ultimate Question |
| Ethology | Study of behavior in nature |
| What is the evolutionary history? | Ultimate question |
| How does it aid survival and reproduction? | Ultimate question |
| Fixed Action Patterns | Instinctual behavior initiated by a sign stimulus and generally carried to completion once initiated |
| Greyleg Goose | Fixed action pattern |
| Three-spined Stickleback | Fixed action pattern- attacks those with red bellies |
| Imprinting | Forming a bond during a critical period |
| Innate Behavior | Essentially constant for a species, strong genetic component |
| Signal | Behavior that elicits a change in another |
| Communication | Transmission, receptions, and response to a signal |
| Kinesis | Simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus |
| Taxis | Automatic, oriented movement toward or away from some stimulus |
| Trout | Positive rheotaxis |
| Learning | Modifying behavior through experience |
| Habituation | Learning to ignore irrelevant stimuli |
| Spatial Learning | Advanced learning with those aware of an environments spacial structure |
| Tinbergen's digger wasps | Use landmarks- location indicators |
| Cognitive Maps | Not only learning landmarks but the relationships between objects to reduce the amount of detail needed to relocate an item |
| Clark's nutcrackers | Cognitive maps |
| Associative Learning | Pairing one one stimulus with another |
| Classical conditioning | Pairing an insignificant stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until a connection is made and it becomes a conditioned stimulus |
| Pavlov's Dogs | Classical conditioning |
| Operant conditioning | Pairing behavior with reward or punishment |
| Skinner's rats | Operant conditioning |
| Tic-Tac-Toe Chickens | Operant conditioning |
| Cognition | Ability to pick up information and process it |
| Cognitive Ethology | Examines connection between an animal's nervous system and it's behavior |
| Optimal foraging strategy | Optimizing nutrition while minimizing obtaining costs |
| Intrasexual Production | Members of one sex selecting males based on trait of the other sex |
| Agnostic behavior | Often reutilized contest/fight for resources |
| Nash's Game Theory | Evaluating strategies where you must consider what strategies others are using |
| Side-blotched Lizards | Game theory |
| Rock-paper-scissors | Game theory |
| Altruism | Acting in a way that benefits others |
| Prairie dog warnings | Altruism |
| Inclusive Fitness | Aiding those closely relating to you so that the genes you share can increase in the populations |
| Kin Selection | Enhancing reproductive success of relatives |
| Reciprocal Altruism | "I'll help you if you help me" in social groups |
| Social Learning | Learning from others |
| Culture | Information transfer via social learning or teaching |
| Mate choice copying | Selecting a mate based on other females preferences |
| Sociobiology | How has human behavior been shaped by natural selection |
| Pavlov | Classical conditioning |
| BF Skinner | Operant conditioning |
| Wilson | Sociobiology |
| Tingergen | Wasps and Sickleback fish |
| Lorenz | Imprinting |
| Sign Stimulus | Trigger fixed-action patterns |
| Receptors | Prairie Vole Monogamy |
| Sexual Behavior | Cooperation, Communication, Diminish ni aggression |
| Balanced polymorphism | Marine Isopods |
Created by:
AliRutherford
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