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Chap 1-4

Introduction; Healthcare structure, Safety & Infection Control

Question	Answer
What is Phlebotomy?	Practice of drawing blood
Phlebo means	Vein
~tomy neans	To make an incision
Phlebotomy is an ancient profession dating back	At least 3500 years to the time of Egyptians
Earlier phlebotomists drew blood in	An attempt to cure disease
In EU and Middle Ages, barber-surgeons	Performed bloodletting to balance the bodily fluids
Early phlebotomists used	Lancets, sunction cups, ornate ceramic bowls to collect blood
Phlebotomists also applied	Leeches to patients' skin for hours to remove blood
Modern phlebotomy perform the practices for:	Diagnosis and monitoring of patient's disease condition
A phlebotomist needs skills like:	Technical skills, organization, detail oriented in order to deal with the large number of samples collected in a short time
A phlebotomists other skills are:	Interpersonal skills, handling stress, being professional
Phlebotomist duties are:	To obtain blood samples at physician's request
Routine steps in blood collection are:	1) Correctly and positively identify patient; 2) Choose appropriate equipment for sample; 3) Select and prepare collection site;
Blood collection steps cont'	4) Collect sample ensuring patient comfort and safety; 5) Label sample correctly; 6) Transport sample to lab in timely manner;
Other Phlebtomist responsibilities:	1) adhere to safety regulations; 2) Effectively interact with patients and healthcare professionals
Responsibities cont'd	3) Keep accurate records and be knowledgeable of lab operations; 4) Develop other skills such taking BP, other specimens and basic lab tests
Phlebotomists personal characteristics	Dependability, Honesty & Integrity, Positive attitude, Empathy & Compassion, Professional detachment, Prof appearance, Interpersonal skills, and telephone skills
Professional Organizations and Standards	Develop standards and monitor training in the field
What are the three aspects Prof Orgs Stds?	Accreditation, Certification and Continuing Medical Education Units
Accreditation	Programs that train phlebotomists receive approval from a professional org by meeting and documenting established requirements called Standards
Certification	Evidence that an individual has demonstrated proficiency in a particular area of practice.
Continuing Education Units (CEUs)	Provides updated on new information, Regulations and techniques and help refresh a phlebotomists skills
Professional organizations	Offer Membership in a professional org
American Allied Health, Inc (AAH)	Certifies phlebotomists
American Certification Agency for Healthcare Professionals (ACA)	Certifies Phlebotomits
American Medical Technologiests (AMT)	Accredits or Approves training programs; certifies and offers CEUs
American Society for Clinical Lab Science (ASCLS)	Offers CEUs
American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) Board of Certification (BOC)	Certifies and offers CEUs
American Society of Phlebotomy Technicians (ASPT)	Accredits/Approves training programs; Certifies; and offers CEUs
National Accredting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NAACLS)	Accredits/Approves training programs
National Healthcareer Association (NHA)	Accredits, approves programs & Certifies
National Phlebotomy Association	Accredits/approves programs, Certifies & offers CEUs
State Certification is only offered by?	The State of CA
Two most important legal issues in phlebotomy are?	Informed Consent & Confidentiality
What is informed consent?	That patient must be informed of intended treatment and their risks before they are performed
What is confidentiality?	All information regarding a patient's condition including types of tests ordered or results is confidential
HIPAA - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	Covers the privacy of patient's medical information
C P T	Certified Phlebotomy Technician
P B T	Phlebotomy Technician
R P T	Registered Phlebotomy Technician
2-h PPBS	2-hr postprandial blood sugar
AIDS	Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome
ALP	Alkaline phosphatase (Liver)
ALT	Alanine aminotransferase (Liver)
ANA	Antinuclear antibodies
APTT	Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
AST	Aspartate aminotransferase (Liver)
BMP (done in Chemistry)	Basic Metabolic Panel
BUN (done in Chemistry)	Blood Urea Nitrogen
C&S (done in Microbiology)	Culture and Sensitivity
CAP	College of American Pathologists
CBC	Complete Blood Count
CCU	Cardiac Care Unit
CK	Creatine kinase (MI)
CK-MB	creatine kinase-MB (MI)
CLIA '88	Clinical Lab Improvement Act of 1988
CLSs	Clinical Lab Scientists
CLSI	Clinical and Lab Standards Institute
CLTs	Clinical lab Technicians
CMP	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel
CNA	Certified Nursing Assistant
CT	Computed tomography
diff	differential
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic Acid
EDTA	Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
ER, ED	Emergency Room, Emergency Department
ESR	Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
FBS	Fasting Blood Sugar
GTT	Glucose tolerance test
HCG	Human chorionic gonadotropin (Pregnancy)
HCT	Hematrocrit
HDL	High-density Lipoprotein
Hgb	Hemoglobin
HgB Alc	Glycolated Hemoglobin
HIV	Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HMOs	Health Maintenance Orgs
ICU	Intensive Care Unit
INR	International Normalized Ratio
LDL	Low-density Lipoprotein
LIS	Laboratory Information Services
LPN	Licensed Practical Nurse
MCH	Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
MCHC	Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
MCV	Mean Corpuscular Volume
MIS	Manager of Information Services
MLTs	Medical Lab Technicians
MPV	Mean Platelet Volume
MRI	Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MTs	Medical Technologists
OR	Operating Room
PCA	Patient Care Assistant
PCT	Patient Care Technician
PET	Positron Emission Tomography
POLs	Physician Office Labs
PPOs	Preferred Provider Orgs
PT	Prothrombin Time
RBCs	Red Blood Cells
RDW	Red Cell Distribution Width
RN	Registered Nurse
RPR	Rapid Plasma Reagin
SST	Serum Separator Tube
STAT	Short Turnaround Time
WBCs	White Blood Cells
Chief of staff oversees	Medical Staff
Hospital administrator oversees	Central administration of hosp + various branches of support personnel
Fiscal & Information services	Responsible for adminissions and medical records, billing, accounting and other financial aspects
Support services	Includes all aspects of physical plant of the hosp., e.g., cleaning, maintenance, food and security
Nursing services	Provides direct care to patients
Professional services	Provide services at physicians requests
Cardiac Catheterization	Evaluates and treats patients with cardiovascular diseases
Clinical Laboratory	Analyses samples from patients at request of physicians or other health care personnel
Nuclear Medicine	Uses radioisotopes to perform tests and treat diseases
Occupational Therapy	Assess patients and design adaptive aids or compensatory strategies to help with physical or mental impairments
Pharmacy	Prepares and dispenses drugs that have been prescribed by physicians
Physical Therapy	Assess patients wboth before and after treatment and devise plans of physical treatment
Radiation Therapy	Treats cancer using x-rays or other high energy radiation sources to destory the tumor
Radiology or Medical Imaging	Interprets a range of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures using various forms of radiant energy
Respiratory Therapy	Provide treatment for respiratory discorders. They often perform arterial punctures for the determination of arterial blood gases
Clinical Lab has two main areas:	Anatomic and surgical pathology area which analyses the characteristics of cells and tissues and the clinical pathology area which analyzes blood and other body fluids
The clinical lab is usually under whose supervision	A pathologist who is a physician with special training in lab analysis
Lab Manager	Directs the administrative functions of the the lab, including hiring personnel
Management Staff	Includes Manager of Information Services (MIS) and Lab Information Services (LIS) coordinator
Section Supervisors	Supervise personnel, monitor equipment maintenance and monitor test results
CLSs or MTS,Clinical lab Scientists & Medical Techs, Clinical lab Techs or Medical lab techs	Run routine tests, perform equipment maintenance and collect speciments
Anatomic & Surgical Pathology Area	Usually divided into three sections or departments
Cytogenetics	Examines chromosomes for evidence of genetic disease such as Down syndrome
Cytology	Processes and stains cells that are shed into body fluids or removed from tissue with needle to check for presence of cancer or other diseases
Histology	Prepares tissues from autopsy, surgery, or biopsy for microscopic exam by a pathologist
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AREA	Has different divisions for analyzing blood and other body fluids
Examples of Clinical Pathology Area divisions:	Blood banking or immunohematology, chemistry, coagulation and hemostasis, hematology, microbiology, molecular diagnostics, phlebotomy, referrals, serology or immunology & urinalysis and clinical microscopy
Blood Bank or Immunohematology	Deals with blood transfusions
Speciments for hematology are drawn in:	A plain red-top tube or special pink top containing EDTA
Blood typing checks for two major antigens groups	ABO Group and Rh Group
Autologous donation	When a patient donates their own blood for transfusion
Centrifuge	Separates blood consisting of RBCs, WBCs, & Platelets
Cryoprecipitate my be used for:	Patients with clotting disorders
CHEMISTRY	Performs a wide range of tests on the chemical component of blood.
Specimen Collection and Processing	Chemistry tests are performed on either serum or plasma.
Serum	Is collected in tube without anticoagulants (a plain red-top tube) or SST
SST	Serum Separator Tube
BMP (used as a general matabolic screen)	BUN, Calcium, Creatinine, Electrolytes, & glucose
Coronary Risk or Lipid Panel (for risk of heart disease)	Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides
Electrolytes (evaluates levels of ions in blood)	Bicarbonate, Chloride (Cl), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na)
CMP (overall health std of patient)	ALP, AST, Bilirubin, BMP & Total protein or albumin
Glucose (levels of diabetes mellitus)	2-hr postprandial blood sugar (2-h PPBS), Gasting blood sugar (FBS) Glucose tolerance test (GTT), Glycolated hemoglobin (Hgb Alc)
Liver Function Panel (liver function)	Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Albumin, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin-conjugated, biliburin-total, Blobulin & total protein
Myocardial infarction (occurence & timing of an MI)	Creatine Kinase (CK), Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), & Troponin I
Renal Disease (kidney function	Albumin, BMP, Creatinine clearance & Phosphorus
What color is Serum	Clear, pale yellow fluid
If high bilirubin in serum	it becomes Icteric serum (darker yellow)
Hemolysis or breakage of RBCs	Can give serum a pink tinge (hemolyzed serum)
Other tests done in Chemistry are:	Body fluids, e.g., urine, cerebrospinal fluid or synovial fluids (joint fluid)
COAGULATION & HEMOSTASIS	Usually part of the hematology dept
Hemostasis	Refers to the process by which the body stops blood from leaking out of a wound
Coagulation tests are done	On plasma
Coagulation samples are collected in	A tube containing anticoagulant citrate
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)	Used to monitor intravenous heparin therapy
Prothrombin Time (PT)	used to monitor oral warfarin (Coumadin therapy
International normalized ratio (INR	used to monitor oral warfarin Coumadin therepay
HEMATOLOGY	Analyzes blood for evidence of diseases affecting the blood-forming tgissues and the cells produced by those tissues -: RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets and also clotting ability of blood
Hematology tests are done performed (CBC)	On whole blood which is not coagulated
Hematology tests are collected in	a Lavendar tube containing additive EDTA
Whole blood analyzes CBC which is	Hgb, Hct, RBCs, WBCs,
Differential (diff)	Classifies and counts the types of WBCS, morphological (shape) abnormalities in RBCs or platelets
HCT	Measures the % of blood volume attributable to RBCs
Hgb	Measures the level of Hgb in the blood as a whole determining oxygen-carrying capacity
Mean platelet volume (MPV)	Assesses platelet volume and size
Platelet count	Counts the number platelets in a sample of known volume
RBCs	Counts the number of RBCs in a smaple known of volume
WBCs	Counts the number WBCs in smaple of known volume
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)	Measures the average amount of Hgb in an RBC
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)	Assesses the ratio of Hgb to the size of the RBC
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)	Determines the size of the average RBC
Red cell distribution width (RDW)	Determines the range of sizes of RBCs
Flow Cytometry	A special analytic technique used in hematology, immunology or anatomic pathology.
Flow cytometry	Identifies cellular markers on the surface of WBCs
Flow cytometry	Is used to determine lymphocyte subclasses in patients with AIDS as a measure of disease process, and to determine CD4/CD8 ratios of helper to suppressor cells as a means of tracking the health of patients infected with HIV
Flow cytometry is also used	In diagnosing and classifying malignancies aiding in the development of treatment plans. Whole blood or bone marrow specimens are used to perform this testing
MICROBIOLOGY	The dept isolates and identifies pathogenic microorganisms in patient smaples and is responsible for infection control in healthcare institutions
Microbiology comprises of:	Bacteriology, Mycology (study of fungi), Parasitology (parasites), and Virology (viruses)
Microbilogy speciments include:	Blood, urine, throat swabs, sputum, feces, pus and other body fluids
Culture & sensitivity	Most common test in Microbiology
C&S detects	Microorganisms and determines the most effective antibiotic therapy
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS	Performs testing used to diagnose genetic disorders, analyze forensic evidence, track disease, or identify microbiologic pathogens
DNA is analyzed in the	Molecular diagnostics dept for most of these tests
PHLEBOTOMY	Dept is responsible for blood sample collection from in & outpatients
Phlebotomist	Is also responsible for proper handling and timely delivery of samples to the labe for analysis
REFERRALS	Spt handles and ships specimens for test not done by the lab.
SEROLOGY OR IMMUNOLOGY	Dept evaluates the patients immune response through the detection of antibodies.
Antibodies	Are proteins that help fight infection by binding to surface molecules of the infective agents, called antigens
Antibodies are found in	Serum - specimen collected in an SST or red-top tube
Common Immunology tests	Anti- Haemophilus
Anti-Haemophilus	Detects exposure to Haemophilus influenza B
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)	Detects Autoimmune disease
X-reactive protein	Elevated levels indicate inflammatory disease
Hepatitis B surface antigen	Detects hepatitis B infection
Human chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)	Detects pregnancy
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)	Detects syphililis infection
Rheumatoid factor	Detects rheumatoid arthritis
T and B cell markers	Use to quantify types of WBCs
URINALYSIS & CLINICAL MICROSCOPY	Used to assess kidney disease and metabolic disorders that alter the levels of substances in urine
COMPLETE URINALYSIS TEST
Clarity	Detects crystalline and cellular elements
Color	Detects blood, bilirubin, and other pigments
Specific gravity	Measures urine concentration
CHEMICAL EXAM - Bilirubin	Elevated leves indicate liver desease
Blood	Detects RBCs or Hgb
Glucose	Elevated levels indicate diabetes mellitus
Ketones	Elevated levels indicate diabetes millitus or starvation
Leukocyte esterase	Detects WBCs
Nitrite	Detects bacterial infection
pH	Determines the acidity of the urine
Protein	Elevated levels indicate kidney disease
Urobilinogen	Elevated levels indicate liver disease or hemolytic disorder
MICROSCOPIC EXAM
Cells and other structures	Detects WBCs, RBCs epithelia cells, bacteria, yeast, and parasite; also detects crystals and casts (structures slughed off renal tubules)
STANDARD AND ACCREDITATION FOR THE CLINICAL LAB	Clinical Lab must meet rigorous performance standards to ensure the quality of its procedures and results
CLINICAL LAB IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 1988 (CLIA '88)	Passed by Congress which mandated the regulation of all facilities that perform patient test.
CLINICAL AND LAB STANDARDS INSTITUTE	Sets standards guidelines
Accreditation is required for	Healthcare facilities to receive Medicare or Medicaid reimbursement
JOINT COMMISSION	Labs must be inspected and accredited every 2 yrs
COLLEGE OF AMERICAN PATHOLOGISTS (CAP)	Inspection and accreditation occure every 2 yrs. Unannounced inspections occur with 6mths for accreditation renewal date
STATE AGENCIES	The states which have their own licensure requirement. These agencies require labs to participate in proficiency testing and inspections.
Other healthcare settings a phlebotomist can work in	Health Maintenance Orgs (HMOs); Preferred Provider Orgs (PPOs); Urgent Care Centers; Physician Office Labs (POLs); Reference Labs; Nursing Homes
Most Phlebotomists work in what dept in hospitals?	In the Clinical Lab
The Clinical Lab is divided into two major sections:	The anatomic & surgical pathology area, and the Clinical pathology area
C P R	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
D O T	Dept of Transportation
F D A	Food and Drug Administration
H I V	Human Immunodeficiency Virus
M R I	Magnet Resonance Imaging
M S D S	Materials Safety Data Sheet
N F P A	National Fire Protection Association
O S H A	Occupational Safety and Health Administration
O S H A	Regulates workplace safety
Safety Hazards	Biological, Physical, Sharps, Chemical, Radioactive, Electrical, Fire or explosive, Latex sensitivity
Physical hazards	Mostly a matter of common sense plus learning important habits
Sharp hazards	Mostly needles and lancets
Needle Stick Safety and Prevention Act of 2001	Requires all employers switch to safety needle devices to minimize risk of accidental sticks
Chemical hazards	Hydrochloric acid is one hazard encountered which burns mucosal tissue and skin
Identification of chemicals	Begins with proper labelling.
OSHA Hazardous Communication Standard	Requires all manufacturers label hazardous materials
Hazardous materials must have	A warning to alert you to the hazard; An explanation of the hazard; A list of precautions to reduce risk; First-aid measures to be used in case of exposure
OSHA also requires each chemical come with	A Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
The DOT label	Displays type of hazard, UN hazard class number and an identifying number
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) label	Is a design recofnized by firefighters that warns of the location of hazardous materials in the event of fire
Reducing Risk	OSHA further requires that every workplace develop & traub employees in a Chemical Hygiene Plan
NEVER ADD WATER TO	ACID
Always add acid to	Water
If chemical spills on you	Proceed immediately to a safety shower or eyewash station and flush affected area with water for a minimum of 15min
Radioactive hazards	Are used in health care facilities to perform diagnostic tests and deliver treatment
Radioactive hazard symbol	should be displayed in areas which radioactivity is in use
Electrical hazards	Usually result in shock or fire
Emergency Response to Electric shock	Turn off the equipment by unplugging it or switching off the circuit breaker
Fire and Explosive Hazards	May occur in labs due to chemical or electrical accidents
Acronym RACE:	Rescue, Alarm, Confine, Extinguish
Acronym PASS	Pull the pin, Aim at base of fire, Squeeze handle and Sweep
Classes of fire and extinguishers	There are five classes of fire identified by NFPA
Type A	Contain water or dry chemicals - used for wood, paper and cloth
Type B	Contain dry chemicals, carbon dioxide, or environmentally safe fluorocarbons - used for grease, oil, and flammable liquids
Type C	Are safe for electrical fires
Type D	Agents are dry powders - used for flammable metals
Type K	Used in kitchens for cooking oils and grease
MRI hazards	Uses extremely powerful magnet to creat images of body
Emergency First-Aid Procedures	Healthcare works should be training in CPR techniques and refresh their skills biannually
Bleeding Aid	Apply direct pressure to bleed; Elevate the limb unless fracture is suspected; Maintain pressure until medical assistance is available
C P R	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is a quick intervention for saving life.
CPR procedure	Determine if victim is conscious and call for help; If victim unresponsive, begin chest compressions or use an AED if available (defibrillator); Perform chest compressions by pushing down on chest btwn 1.5-2" Compression shold be at rate of 100 per min
Disaster Emergency plan	Usually in place for disaster emergencies such floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, or fire
Latex sensitivity	FDA require labeling of medical gloves that contain naturual rubber latex or powder
Preventing latex reactions	Individuals with known sensitivity to latex should wear medical alert bracelet
A I D S	Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome
B B Ps	Blood Borne Pathogens
C D C	Center for Disease Control and Prevention
E Ps	Expanded Precautions
H E P A	High Efficiency Particulate Air
H I V	Human Immunodeficiency Virus
M R S A	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
N I O S H	National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
O S H A	Occupational Safety and Health Administration
P E	Protective equipment
P P E	Personal Protective Equipment
S A R S	Severe acute Respiratory syndrome
V R E	Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
Infection	Is an invasion and growth of a microorganism in the human body that causes disease
Pathogens	Infectious organisms - e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists
Nosocomial infections	Infections contracted by patients in hospitals
Chain of infection	Requires a continuous link through three primary elements.
Infection links	Reservoir, means of transmission and host
Other links include	portal of exit, portal of entry
The Reservoir	The source of infection
Fomite	A source - e.g., a contaminated object
Host	Susceptible patientm profesional worker, visitor
Microorganisms can be transmitted by	Droplet or airborne routes (direct or indirect)
Disease transmission can be spread by five means:	Contact, Droplet, Airborne, Common vehicle, Vector
Breaking chain of infection	Practicing appropriate hand hygiene, using PPE and Standard Precaution practices and also Isolation
Antiseptic	Agent used to clean living tissue, preventing sepsis or infection
PPE	Consists of barriers and respirators used alone or in combination to protect skin, mucous membrane and clothing
Standard Precautions refers to	Infection control measures that use barrier protection
Order of putting on PPE	1) Gown 2) mask, respirator, googles or face shield 3)Gloves
Order of removing PPE	1) Gown and gloves 2)hand hygiene 3) googles/shield 4) mask/respirator 5) hand hygiene after removing all PPE
Occupational Safety & Health Administration's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (OSHABPS)	Clarifies issues regarding sharps safety
Isolation Control Measures	Is used to protect the patient from infectious agents in the environment or carried by staff or visitors or can be used to protect staff, visitors and other patients
Protective Environment (PE)	Units for minimizing risk of acquiring environmental fungal infections. Immunocompromised patients may have their own isolation unit
Isolation precaution are based on two-tiered systems	1) Includes precautions used for all patients in the hospital, without regard to their diagnosis or infection status; 2) Uses expanded precautions (EPs) - for pts known be or suspected of being infected with a highly transmissible pathogen
Airborne Precautions	Used for patients known to have or suspected of having a disease transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei - e.g., meeasles, varicella and tb
Droplet Precautions	Used for pts known to have or suspected of having a disease transmitted y large infectious droplets that can be deposited on the conjunctivae or mucous membranes of a susceptible host
Contact Precautions	Used for patients known to have or suspected of having diseases or conditions transmitted by direct patient contact or by contact with items in the patient's environment
Bloodborne pathogens	Infectious agents carried in the blood, certain body fluids, and unfixed tissues as defined in OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogen Stds
Principal accidental risk for a phlebotomist	Is contracting a BBP from a needle stick
Viral survival	Practice risk minimizing procedures by disinfecting your environment- equipment, control spills, clean up.
10% bleach solution	should be made every day to be used as a disinfectant
Examples of Blood pathogens	Babesiosis, Colorado tick fever, Hep B, C & D, HIV, Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types I & II, Malaria and syphilis
Phlebotomy means	Incision of a vein
First step in routine blood collection?	Correctly and positively identifying patient
Which acronym is not a certification agency for phlebotomists	NAACLS (National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Lab Sciences
Which term is evidence that an individual has demonstrated proficiency in a particular area of practice	Certification
A phlebotomist must ensure that patient understands and agrees to have blood drawn by which process?	Informed Consent
The Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act of '96 regulates	Privacy of Health information
What should you do if a pt refuses to have their blood drawn?	Notify pts physician
The term informed consent means?	A patient must be informed of all intended treatments and risks before the treatment is performed
True statement	Phlebotomy is an ancient profession dating back at least 3500 yrs
Which state has led the way in state regulation of phlebotomy?	California
What is an additive?	A substance added in blood tests to prevent blood from clotting
What is an antiseptic	A solution or agent for eliminating bacteria
What is a bevel?	The opening of a needle
What is a centrifuge?	Machine used to separate blood
What is hematology?	Study of blood
What is plasma?	A blood component
What is hemoglobin?	RBCs that circulate in body carrying oxygen
What is a vein?	A blood vessel (carries blood towards the heart)
What is hematoma?	Blood clot under the skin
What is a tourniquet?	A rubber strip used to constrict or slow blood flow
Anticoagulant	An additive that thins out blood to prevent clotting
Aorta	Largest artery in the body originating from the left ventricle and supplies blood to the whole body (systemic)
Basophils	WBCs - fights infection
RBCs	Erythrocytes - carry oxygen all over the body
Platelets (thrombocytes)	Are RBCs that form clots
Capillaries	The smallest of body's blood vessels; very fragile. Carry bright red or darker red depending on gas exchange
Coagulation	Clotting
Dermapuncture	Piercing of skin
Hemoglobin	A protein molecule in RBCs that carries Oxygen thru' out the body
Palpate	Feel of the skin/part of body
Plasma	A yellow liquid component of blood
Serum	Blood plasma without fibrinogen or clotting factors
Whole blood	Fresh blood (no constituents are removed
S S T (Serum separator tube)	Separator added to produce serum
Red Top tube	Has serum separator - no additive
Brick top tube	Has serum separator - no additive
Purple or lavendar top	For plasma - has EDTA additive
Blue top tube	For plasma - has additive (sodium citrate)
Purple or lavendar top tubes	Test CBC - has EDTa
Blue Top tube	Tests clotting factors - has additive (sodium citrate)
Purple or lavendar tubes	CBC test run in Hematology dept. End result is plasma
CBC test consists of:	RBCs, WBCs & platelets, Hct
Blue top tube tests, e.g, Dimer, APTT, PT/PTT & INR	Tests run in Hematology dept. End result is plasma. Tests clotting factors
H & H	Hgb & Hct - done in Hematology
CHEM 7	Basic Metabolic Panel - done in Chemistry
ESR - Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate	Test for inflammation. If there is a black, purple, red & yellow tubes, choose black. If not black, choose pink

Created by: Moshort on 2011-10-01

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Chap 1-4

Introduction; Healthcare structure, Safety & Infection Control