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PHYS2
Immunology I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define immunology: | Study of the physiological function by which the body destroys or neutralizes foreign matter |
| What are the three immune functions? | Protect against infection by microbes, isolate/remove non-microbeal bad stuff, and destroy cancer cells |
| What are microbes? | Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites |
| What are the lines of defense of the body? | Skin, mucasa, and substances they secrete, non-specific immune system, and specific immune system |
| What is the most important component of the ummune system defense? | Skin |
| What comprises the non-specific immune system? | Natural killer cells, neutrophils |
| DOMINANT INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS IN THE US | DOMINANT INFECTOUS ORGANISMS IN THE US |
| What are the dominant infectous orgs in th u.s.? | Bacteria and viruses |
| BACTERIA | BACTERIA |
| What are bacteria? | Unicellular orgs with a cell wall, PM, but no membrane bound organelles |
| Where does replication take place for them? | At the site of entry or can travel to other areas first |
| How can they cause damage to us? | At the site of replication or can release toxins that are carried by blood to cause problems |
| VIRUSES | VIRUSES |
| What are viruses? | Nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat |
| What do they lack? Why can't they reproduce unless they're in something? | They lack energy production and ribosomes needed to make proteins |
| What do they do when they get into a cell? | They use the cell's machinary to make protiens needed for viral replication |
| Where does HIV replicate? | In humans and monkeys, but only kills humans |
| Ebola virus? | Lives in organism it doesn't kill, but kills humans/apes; |
| What kind of ape does it kill especially? | Gorrillaz |
| What does feline leukemia virus kill? | kills cats, but we don't catch it |
| Which is more of a problem in the u.s. fungi or parasites? | Fungi, especiallly in hospitals, but parasites are becoming a problem here too |
| IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS | IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS |
| Whare are the charcteristics of neutrophils? | Most nemerous, phagocytic, are first responders and are non-specific |
| What are mast cells? | Release histamines in tissue/blood and are non-specific |
| What are the characteristics of lymphocytes? When do they respond? | Travel continuously throughout body, specific, late responders, and produce plasma and memory cells |
| What are macrophage? Their specificity? | Reside in tissue, are phagocytic and present antigen, and they're specific and non-specific |
| What are the characteristics of the natural killer cells? When do they respond? | Travel continously throughout body, are cytolytic, are first reponders, and are non-specific |
| Where do antigen presenting cells reside? | tissue or blood |
| What kinds of cells are they? | microglia, follicular cells of lymph nodes |
| What is their specificity and what do they do? | They are specific and they present antigens--DUH. see name |
| BODY SURFACE DEFENSE | BODY SURFACE DEFENSE |
| What are the three body system defenses? | Epithilum, secretions, and reflexes |
| What is the epithilium? Its specificity, where would you find it? | Skin, non-specific, and found in respiratory and GI tract |
| What are the two types of secretions? | Skin gland secretions of antimicrobials and mucous gland secretions of antimicrobials and mechanical stuff |
| What are reflexes associated with defense? | Sneeze/cough |
| NONSPECIFIC IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE | NON-SPECIFIC |
| What is an example of a non-specific response? What does it yeild? | Inflmmation yeilds redness and swelling |
| What are some responses to inflammmation? | Vasodialtion, increased vascular permeability to protein, phagocytosis by chemotaxis, and tissue repair |
| What are chemical mediators of inflammation? | Histamine, cytokines, and complement |
| What are cellular mediators? | Neutrophils, mast cells and macrophages |
| PHAGOCYTOSIS | PHAGOCYTOSIS |
| What are the primary celluar mediators of phagocytsosi? What is their specificity? | Neutrophils and macrophages--they're non-specific |
| What is the order of their arrival? | Neutrophils, then macrophages |
| What are additional mediators of phagocytsosi? | Opsonins and phagocytosis |
| What is their purpose? | They help glue--attract and keep molecule we don't want |
| COMPLEMENT | COMPLEMENT |
| What is the function of the complement? | MAC and stimulates inflammation |
| What is MAC? | Lyses cells |
| Where does it poke holes? | In cell membrane to kill cell |
| INTERFERONS | INTERFERONS |
| What are interfereons? | Can kill viruses |
| Its impact on cancer? | Doesn't do much |
| What do interferons do/ | Makes proteins that inhibit viral replication |
| What does it need to do this? | Needs macrophages and natural killer cells |
| What is this drug used against? | HIV--but makes you feel horrible |
| SPECIFIC IMMUNE SYSTEM | SPECIFIC IMMUNE SYSTEM |
| What are the characteristics of the specific immune sysetem? | Is antigen specific, sytemic, and has memory |
| What is an antigen? | Any molecule that causes immune response |
| What is this response due to? | Recogniztion of a specific antigen |
| What are the primary cellular mediators of a specific immune system response? | Lymphocytes |
| What are ummunoglobulues? | B-Cells |
| How do lymphocytes recognize antigens? | Via immunoglobulins and antibody like receptors |
| What are the anti-body like receoptors? | T-cells |
| HOw many antigens can a b and t cell recognize? | only one |
| What are the stages of immune response? First step only: | Lymphocyte goes to specific antigen and binds to it via plasma membrane receptors specific for the antigen |
| Step two? | Lymphocyte is activated to udnergo mitosis and further differentiation |
| Step three? | Activated cells attack against antigens of that kind all over the body |
| PHMPHOID ORGANS | LYMPHOID ORGANS |
| What happens at these organs? | cell killing |
| What are the primary lymphoid organs? | Bone marrow and thymus |
| What are the secondary lymphoid organs? | Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils |
| What are those sites? | Where lymphocyte mitosis and specific immune responses occur |
| B-CELLS | B-CELLS |
| Where do b-cells mature? | In bone marrow and travel to peripheral lymphoid organs |
| What are some PLO? | Spleen |
| Where do we make lots of b-cells? | Not in marrow, they divide elsewhere |
| What kind of proteins are they/ | MHC class II |
| What are MHC class II proteins? | We all have unique set of them, so these proteins let us recognize foreign stuff and kill it |
| How many antigens can they recognize on their surface? | only one |
| What are the steps of activation of a b-cell? | 1. B cell binds 2. t-cells activated by binding to antigen presenting cells 3. B cell responds to molecules secreted by helper T cells |
| What are cytokines released from? | T-cells |
| What is the purpose of cytokines? | Secrete stuff to allow division of b-cells |
| What are the effects of activation of the B-cell? | B-cell undergoes mitosis, antibodies secreted by plasma cells, and antibodies bind invader and fix complement |
| What does the mitosis lead to? | Plasma cells secrete antibodies and memory cells remember |
| How amny antibodies does each b-cell make? | oNLY ONE |
| What do antibodies do after they fix complement? | They kill invader by MAC, acting as opsoins for killing phagocytes |
| B-CELL RECEPTORS | B-CELL RECEPTORS |
| What are the b-cell receptors? | PM receptors that bind to a SINGLE specific antigen |
| What is the antibody that the b-cell secretes look like? | It is identitical to the receptor |
| When the b-cells divide, we'll end up with a lot of b-cells that secrete anti-bodies--what is the diversity of the antibodies? | Each b-cell has a unique antibody and it has a unique antigen binding site |
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talkglitter2486