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Micro and Immunology
Pharmacology: Microbiology & Immunology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is β-lactamase? | a bacterial enzyme that degrades the β-lactam ring of antibiotics |
| 1. Which antibiotics are antagonistic to each other? 2. Which antibiotics are synergistic? | 1. protein synthesis inhibitors and β-lactams 2. aminoglycosides and β-lactams |
| Mechanism of resistance of drugs against penicillins | 1. penicillinases 2. change in structure of PBPs 3. change in porin structure |
| 1. What are the antipseudomonal penicillins 2. Which penicillins work best against methicillin sensitive S. aureus? | 1. TCP (takes care of pseudomonas): Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin 2. Nafcillin, oxacillin |
| Which organisms are the following drugs effective against? 1. 1st gen. cephalosporins 2. 2nd gen cephalosporins | 1. gram positives + PEcK (proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella) 2. Gram pos + PEcK + HEN (haemophilus, Enterobacter Neisseria) |
| What generation are cephalosporins with a "ph" in their name? | first generation |
| Mechanism of action 1. Amantadine 2. oseltamivir 3. Ribavirin | 1. blocks viral uncoating (M2 protein 2. (Tamiflu) inhibits neuraminidase 3. inhibits RNA polymerase |
| Which drugs are used against: 1. hepatitis C virus 2. Respiratory Syncytial Virus | 1. alpha-interferon, Ribavarin 2. Ribavirin |
| Renal toxicity, fever and chills "shake and bake" | Amphotericin B side effects? |
| 1. Mechanism of action of Azole family of antifungals 2. Mechanism of action of Griseofulvin. 3. What organisms is Griseofulvin effective against | 1. inhibit fungal p450 enzyme involved in ergosterol synthesis 2. deposited into newly formed keratin & disrupts microtubule synthesis 3. dermatophytes |
| Rifampin 4 R's | 1. RNA polymerase inhibitor 2. Revs up cytochrome P450 3. Red/orange body fluids 4. Rapid resistance if used alone |
| Metronidazole 1. Mechanism of action 2. Use | 1. forms free radical toxic metabolites in bacterial cell that damage DNA 2. anaerobic bacteria (clostridium difficile) |
| Mechanism of action: 1. Daptomycin 2. Chloramphenicol 3. Ciprofloxacin | 1. cyclic lipopeptide; acts on cell membrane 2. 50s ribosome inhibitor 3. DNA gyrase inhibitor |
| 1. Vancomycin inhibits which amino acids in the formation of the cell wall. 2. Why are aminoglycosides not effective against bacteriodes or clostridium? | 1. D-ala D-ala 2. aminoglycosides require O2 for uptake and are not effective against anaerobes |
| 1. Which antibiotic causes a prolonged QT interval 2. Is the combination of penicillin + beta-lactamase inhibitors effective against MRSA? | 1. Macrolides like Erythromycin, azithromycin 2. no. MRSA has an impaired B-lactam binding site; beta-lactamase are only effective against beta-lactamase enzymes |
| Isoniazide: 1. Mechanism 2. Toxicity. (How to prevent toxicity) | 1. ↓ synthesis of mycolic acid 2. hepatitis, peripheral neuritis (B6), sideroblastic anemia (B6), SLE in slow acetylators |
| 1. Drug of choice for malaria 2. Treatment when resistant to DOC 3. Used to eradicate liver stages of Plasmodium species | 1. Chloroquine 2. Quinine 3. Primaquine |
| Mechanism of action 1. Pyrazinamide 2. Ethambutol | 1. inhibits fatty acid synthase I gene involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis 2. inhibits mycobacterial arabinosyl transferases, involved in cell wall synthesis |
| Mechanism of action of: 1. Nystatin 2. Echinocardins 3. Caspofungin | 1. binds ergosterol and forms membrane pores 2. blocks formation of chitin layer 3. inhibits fungal wall component D-glucan |
| 1. Aminoglycoside side effects 2. Clinical use of streptomycin | 1. ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity (ATN), teratogen 2. second line tuberculosis |
| 1. Tenofovir mechanism 2. clinical use | 1. nucleotide analog of adenosine; inhibits reverse transcriptase 2. HBV and HIV-1 |
| 1. What drug is given in addition to imipenen? 2. Why | 1. Cilastatin 2. so imipenem is not metabolized to a nephrotoxic metabolite |
| Organisms not covered by cephalosporins: | LAME: 1. Listeria 2. Atypicals: chlamydia, mycoplasma 3. MRSA 4. Enterococci |
| 1. Which cephalosporins are eliminated in the bile? 2. Cephalosporins with a disulfuram-like reaction | 1. ceftriaxone and cefoperazone 2. cefoperazone and cefotetan |
| 1. Antibiotic that causes "red man syndrome" 2. Synergistic effects of aminoglycosides and penicillins are used against which two classes of bacteria? | 1. vancomycin 2. enterococci and pseudomonas |
| 1. Tetracyclin side effects. 2. What are these side effects due to? | 1. teeth discoloration, growth impairement in children 2. tetracyclin is a chelator of divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+) which ↓ absorption |
| 1. How is chloramphenicol metabolized? 2. Chloramphenicol toxicity in neonates | 1. hepatic glucuronidation 2. grey baby syndrome (not enough UDP-glucuronyl transferase) |
| 1. Drug class of choice for atypical organisms 2. Which organisms does this include? | 1. macrolides (arythromycin, azithromycin) 2. chlamydia, mycoplasma, legionella |
| Mechanism of action of famciclovir and valacyclovir. | same as acyclovir (TK phosphorylated and inhibit DNA polymerase) |
| Acyclovir 1. Mechanism of action 2. Clinical use: | 1. phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase and inhibits DNA polymerase; also incorporated into DNA and acts as a chain terminator 2. HSV, VZV, EBV |
| Foscarnet 1. Mechanism of action 2. Clinical use | 1. inhibit viral specific DNA polymerases 2. CMV when ganciclovir fails, acyclovir resistant HSV |
| Mechanism of action 1. Sulfonamides 2. Trimethoprim | 1. dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor 2. dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor |
| Primary drugs of tuberculosis | RIPE 1. Rifampin 2. Isoniazide 3. Pyrazinamide 4. Ethambutol |
| HIV integrase inhibitor | Raltegravir |
| 1. Drug of choice for giardiasis 2. Antimicrobials that cause hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency | 1. metronidazole 2. quinine, isoniazide, sulfonamides |
| 1. How are β-lactams eliminated from the body? 2. What drug-drug interaction is seen in elimination? | 1. β-lactams eliminated by renal tubular secretion in proximal convoluted tubule 2. probenicid |
| Mechanism of action of of cyclosporin and tacrolimus | inhibits calcineurin, preventing the production of IL-2 and its receptor in T cells |
| 1. Which antibiotics inhibit the 30S microbial subunit? 2. 50S | buy AT 30, CELL at 50 30S 1. Aminoglycoside 2. Tetracyclin 50S 1. Chloramphenicol 2. Erythromycin (macrolide) 3. Linezolid 3. cLindamycin |
| 1. Antimicrobial used for chloroquine resistant forms of plasmodium 2. Antimicrobial added to chloroquine to kill dormant liver forms of protozoan | 1. Mefloquine 2. Primaquine |
| Bacteriostatic antibiotics | ECSTaTIC about bacteriostatics 1. Erythromycin 2. Clindamycin 3. Sulfamethoxazole 4. Trimethoprim 5. Tetracyclines 6. Chloramphenicol |
| Bactericidal antibiotics | Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder 1. Vancomycin 2. Fluoroquinolones 3. Penicillin 4. Aminoglycosides 5. Cephalosporins 6. Metronidazole |
| 1. Drug of choice for S. aureus (not MRSA) 2. Tetracycline mechanism of action | 1. nafcillin (has bulkier R group so is penicillinase resistant) 2. binds 30S and prevent attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA (Tetra block the T) |
| Aminopenicillins are clinically used against: | HELPS kill enterococci certain gram-positives + gram-negative rods 1. H. influenza 2. E. coli 3. Listeria 4. Proteus 5. Salmonella 6. enterococci |
| 1. Used to treat anaerobes above the diaphragm 2. Used to treat anaerobes below the diaphragm | 1. Clindamycin 2. Metronidazole |
| Side effect: 1. tendon rupture 2. disulfiram-like reaction 3. pseudomembraneous colitis 4. nephrotoxicity/ototoxicity 5. SLE-like syndrome | 1. fluoroquinolones 2. ketoconazole, griseofulvin, metronidazole, cefoperazone 3. clindamycin, ampicillin 4. aminoglycoside 5. isoniazide |
| Treatment of: 1. M. avium intracellulare 2. M. leprae | 1. Azithromycin 2. Dapsone |
| Mechanism of action: 1. Terbinafine 2. Flucytosine | 1. inhibits squalene epoxidase 2. antimetabolite to DNA synthesis |
| Mechanism of action of Nystatin | inhibits ergosterole synthesis, by inhibiting the P-450 enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol only used topically |
| 1. Oral prodrug of acyclovir 2. HIV drug ends in 'navir' 3. HIV drug used for general prophylaxis during pregnancy to reduce fetal transmission | 1. Valcyclovir 2. Protease inhibitor 3. Zidovudine |
| HAART for HIV consists of: | 1. 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) + 1 protease inhibitor 2. 2 NRTIs + 1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| HIV drug causing hyperglycemia | Protease inhibitor ('navir') |
| binds mTOR, inhibits T-cell proliferation in reponse to IL-2 | Mechanism of action of sirolimus (rapamycin) |
| Target of the following antibodies 1. Daclizumab 2. Infliximab 3. Adalimumab 4. Abciximab 5. Rituximab 6. Trastuzumab 7. Muromonab | 1. IL-2 receptor 2. TNF-α 3. TNF-α 4. glycoprotein IIb/IIIa 5. CD20 6. erb-B2 7. CD3 |
| 1. What is vancomycin used for? 2. What are side effects of vancomycin? | 1. multi-drug resistant organisms such as MRSA, enterococci and Clostridium 2. nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis, diffuse flushing (red man syndrome) |
| 1. Drug of choice of Treponema pallidum 2. Treatment for H. pylori | 1. Penicillin G 2. triple therapy of metronidazole, bismuth and either tetracycline or amoxicillin |
| 1. These drugs cause gynecomastia by inhibiting hormone synthesis 2. antiviral drug with side effects of ataxia, dizziness and slurred speach. | 1. Azoles 2. Amantadine |
| Treatment for: 1. Schistosomas 2. pneumocystic carinii 3. Chaga's disease 4. Pseudomembraneous colitis | 1. Praziquantel 2. TMP-SMX 3. Nifurtimox 4. Metronidazole or oral vancomycin |
| Treatment for the following UTIs: 1. E. coli 2. Chlamydia 3. Neisseri gonorrhoeae 4. Vaginal candidiasis | 1. Ampicillin 2. Macrolides or Tetracycline 3. 3rd generation cephalosporin (e.g. ceftriaxone) 4. Fluconazole |
| 1. inhibits peptidyl transferase by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit 2. inhibits translocation of peptidyl-tRNA 3. blocks attachment of aminoacyl tRNA to acceptor site 4. interfer with initiation codon function | 1. chloramphenicol 2. macrolides 3. tetracycline 4. aminoglycoside |
| 1. Tetracycline that can be used to treat syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion 2. Treatment of VRE, VRSA | 1. Demeclocycline 2. Linezolid |
| HIV fusion inhibitor that binds: 1. gp41 2. CCR5 | 1. enfuvirtide 2. maraviroc |
| Treatment of: 1. lyme disease 2. S. pneumoniae 3. S. pyogenes | 1. doxycycline or ceftriaxone 2. penicillin 3. penicillin 4. tetracycline |
| 1. Treatment for rickettsia, mycoplasma and Chlamydia? 2. Treatment for Legionairre's 3. Treatment for oral candidiasis (Thrush) | 1. Tetracycline (good for intracellular organism) 2. Erythromycin 3. Nystatin |
| Used for acyclovir resistant strands of cytomegalovirus | Foscarnet, Cidofovir |
| Immunoglobin administered to prevent hemolytic disease of newborn in subsequent pregnancies. | Anti-D immunoglobin |
| What are the clinical uses of: 1. interferon-α 2. interferon-β 3. interferon-γ | 1. hepatitis B and C 2. multiple sclerosis 3. chronic granulomatous disease |
Created by:
amichael87
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