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Stack #70425
Chapter 25 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Dewit 2nd edition Part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Diffusion | No energy is needed. Subtances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| Osmosis | No energy is needed. Water molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| Filtration | Movement of water and suspended substances outward through a semipermable membrane. |
| Active Transport | Requires energy. Move molecules and ions against a concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration. |
| Isotonic | When living cells are surrounded by a solution that has the same concentration of particles, the water concentration of the intracellular and extracelluar fluids will be equal. No net fluid shifts occur. |
| hypertonic | When living cells are surrounded by a solution that has greater concentration of solute than the cells, the water in the cells will move to the more concentrated solution and the cells will dehydrate and shrink. |
| Hypotonic | When living cells are surrounded by a solution that has less solute than the cells swell from the extra fluid (overhydrate). |
| What organ regulates fluid and electrolyte balance by regulating the volume and composition of extracellular fluid? | Kidneys |
| Who is at risk for deficient fluid volume? | People who have impaired swallowing, extreme weakness, disorientation or coma, or the unavailability of water; patients who lose excessive amounts of fluid throught prolonged vomting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, diaphoresis or excessive wound drainage. |
| What treatments can cause a fluid deficit? | Diuretic therapy and gastrointestinal suction w/o fluid replacement. |
| A deficit of sodium in the blood is called? | Hyponatremia |
| When the serum sodium concentration rises above 145 mEq/L a state of what exists? | Hypernatremia |
| When the potassium falls below 3.5 mEq/L, what exists? | Hypokalema |
| When serum potassium level rises above 5.0 mEq/L a state of what exists? | Hyperkalemia |
| Hyperkalemia can cause life-threatening? | Cardiac Arrhythmia |
| When the calcium level drops below 8.4 mg/dL it's called? | Hypocalcemia |
| When the serum calcium level rises above 10.6 mg/dL it's called? | Hypercalcemia |
| When serum levels of magnesemia drop below 1.3 mEq/L it's called? | Hypomagnesemia |
| When serum level of magnesemia rises above 2.1 mEq/L it's called? | Hypermagnesemia |
| Hypermagnesemia is only in the presence of what condition? | Renal Failure |
| Name some causes of Respiratory Acidosis | Slow, shallow respirations, respiratory congestion/obstruction. |
| Name some causes of Metabolic Acidosis | Shock (poor circulation), periods of heavy exercise, Diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure, and diarrhea |
| Name some causes of Respiratory Alkalosis | Hyperventilation |
| Name some causes of Metabolic Alkalosis | Vomiting, Excessive actacid intake and Hypokalemia |
| What are the major effects of acidosis on the body? | The major effects is depression of the central nervous system, as evidenced by headaches, lethargy, weakness, and confusion. |
| What leads to Metabolic Acidosis? | excessive loss or bicarbonate ions or an increased production or retention of hydrogen ions. |
| What is the major cause of Metabolic Acidosis? | Kidney disease, in which there is decreased excretion of acids and decreased production of bicarbonate. |
| What does hyperventilation results in? | Respiratory Alkalosis |
| Hyperventilation is usually caused by: | Anxiety, high fever, or an overdose of aspirin. |
| What is the treatment for hyperventilation? | Treatment is treating the underlying disorder. |
| Name some signs and symptoms fo Metabolic acidosis | Headache, lethargy, confusion, weakness, Kussmaul respirations. |
| What is the evidence that the compensatory mechanisms are working in Metabolic Acidosis? | Deep rapid breathing (Kussmaul's respirations) and secretion of urine with a low pH. |
| What are effects of Alkalosis on the body? | Overexcitement of the nervous system. The patient may display restlessness, muscle twitching, and tingling and numbness of the fingers and toes. |
| What happens if Alkalosis progresses? | Tetany(severe muscle cramps, carpal-pedal spasms, laryngeal spasms, and stridor (shrill harsh sound upon inspiration)) will occur and seizures and coma result. |
| What is the most common electrolyte imbalance people experience? | Hyponatremia |
| What are some causes of Hyponatremia? | Vomiting or diarrhea, decreased secretion of aldosterone, CHF, loss of bile as a result of fistulas, drainage, gastrointestinal surgery, and suction. Loss of sodium through burn wounds, adminstration of IV fluids and liver disease with ascites. |
| What is the average intake of sodium? | 6 to 12 g/day |
| Name some nursing interventions for hyponatremia | Replace of water loss with fluids containing sodium, closely monitor patient receiving intravenous solutions to correct hyponatremia. |
| What are the signs and symptoms for Hypernatremia? High levels of sodium. | 1) Dry mucous membranes 2) Loss of skin turgor 3) Intense thrist 4) Flushed skin 5) Oliguria 6)Possible elevated temp 7) Weakness 8) Lethargy |
| What are the signs and symptoms for Hyponatremia? Low levels of sodium. | 1)CNS changes from failure of swollen cells to transmit electrical pulses 2) Confusion 3)Anxiety 4) Anorexia 5) Nausea 6) Vomiting |
| What are the nursing interventions for Hypernatremia? High levels of soduim. | 1) Encourage increase fluid intake 2) Measure I&O 3)Give water between tube feedings 4) Restrict sodium intake 5)Monitor temperature. |
Created by:
Shaddinger
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