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Anthropology exam #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anthropology | study of humans in all places and at all times. It is a social science and human science. |
| comparative | cross cultural perspective loooking for similarities and differences between cultures |
| holistic | multi faceted; not only at all time and places but all aspects of humanity |
| How is anthro unique | comparative, holistic, field orientated and ethnographies |
| immersion | participant observation and locals used as aids to learn about culture |
| ethnographies | study and learn about person/group and provide descriptive and interpreted info |
| thinking about the natural world started when | 4th century BC |
| aristotle believed what about species | they were fixed and immutable |
| interest of a study of the natural world was rediscoverd during the... | Renaissance |
| age of exploration | ppl went out and met with new ppl, plants, and animals |
| carolus lenneaus | created taxonomy |
| taxonomy | science of classifying bio organisms |
| bionomial nomenclature | all organisms given to level genus and species labels. Ex. Homo sapiens |
| george cuvier | created castastrophism |
| castastrophism | natural events can account for disappearances |
| James hutton | create uniformitarianism |
| uniformitarianism | theory that same gradual geological processes occurring today happened in past |
| charles lyell | older organisms will be in older and deeper layers |
| Jean Baptist Lamarck | said inheritance acquires characteristics |
| lamarckianism | changes occurring during life through use or disuse can pass onto next generation |
| Darwin | british son of wealthy doctor, trained to be a physician, trained in theology at Cambridge, and had an interest in nature |
| darwin sailed on what boat and for how long | HMS beagle for 5 years |
| what important place did Darwin stop | Galopagos Islands; he sees many things and collects specimens like finches |
| Darwin did not publish his findings for how long and why | 20 years; worried about public impact of unique ideas |
| who wrote darwin and sparked publication of his findings | Alfred R Wallace |
| Alfred R Wallace | natural working in other areas than darwin but came up with same ideas as darwin |
| what was name of darwins book | On the origins of species by means of natural selection |
| natural selection key points | environment always changes, organisms exhibit variation inside and out, some triats may be more advantageous depending on environment and will be selected for by nature to continue and be able to reproduce more often than others with less adaptive traits |
| microevolution | change over short periods of time. Ex. dogs, cats, insects, bacteria, |
| macroevolution | change over long periods of time—can lead to new species (speciation). EX. darwins finches (radiated out and adapted to new environment) |
| blending inheritance | parents traits are in their offspring and change forever |
| gregor mendel | father of modern genetics; studied pea plants for for 8 years and studied and less more than 28,000 plants! |
| dominant traits | most common trait |
| recessive trait | less common trait |
| law of segregation | during the sex cell formation, the alleles and gametes separate |
| law of independent assortment | alleles sort independently of each other |
| when did mendel publish findings | 1865 published Experiments in pea plant hybridization. BUT HIS FINDINGS GOT LOST AND WERE NOT FOUND FOR ABOUT 50 YEARS by 3 separate scientists!! |
| Who rediscovered mendels work | James watson, francis crick, maurice wilkens, and rosalind franklin; DISCOVERED DNA AND SET STAGE FOR MODERN SYNTHESIS!! |
| what is DNA | source of variation; carries genetic code onto future generations, has ability to replicate, and is key to understanding inheritance |
| what is a Nucleotide | basic unit of DNA; consists of phosphate, sugar, base (4 BASES) |
| What are the four bases of nucleotides | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (A=T; G=C) |
| what is a codon | three base pairs along DNA sequence; CODONS CODE FOR AMINO ACIDS |
| HOw combos and amino acid in codons | 64 combos and 20 amino acids |
| amino acids combine to form... | polypeptide chains and codes for proteins AND USED TO SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS |
| how are proteins important to body | basic structures that control all processes of body |
| protein synthesis | 2 strands unzip in nucleus exposing open bases, transcription (mrna), translation (trna) |
| transcription | mRNA (Uracil replaces T) copies DNA sequences and carries it to ribosome in cytpoplasm |
| translation | tRNA meets with mRNA at ribosome and carries amino acids that form protien chains |
| cell replication | mitosis and meiosis |
| mitosis in cell rep | one cell divided into two daughter cell with the same amt of genetic info as the original cell |
| meiosis in cel rep | associated with sex cell (gamete) creation. one cell that undergoes 2 cell divisions and result in creation of 4 daughter cells with half of original genetic material as the orginal cell |
| important processes during meiosis | crossing over and recombination; serve as source of new variation i population |
| crossing over | recognize of genetic material btw 2 homologous chromosomes |
| recombination | rearrangement of genes in homologous chromosomes |
| how many chromosomes and pairs do humans have | 46 chromosomes into 23 pairs |
| importance of 23rd chromosome | sex chromosome—determines sex. XX=FEMALE, XY=MALE |
| how many nucleotides and genes are in human genome project | 3 billion and 20-30 thousand genes |
| why study primates | closest living relatives, provide insights and better understanding of own biological behavior, and help answer questions about whats more influential: nature or nurture |
| homologous traits | indicate common origins (gorilla body structure and human body structure) |
| analogous | similar but not the exactly same (human limb and limb of cat) |
| when did first mammals exist and their traits | 225 mya; mammary glands, warm blooded, fur/hair |
| when did first primates exist and their characteristics | 55-65 mya= after dino's were extinct. ABOREAL, NOCTURNAL, INSECTIVORES |
| where are living primates found? | across equatorial regions: africa, india SE asia, S america, madagascar. HUMANS ARE GLOBAL |
| paleoanthropology | studying fossil record of ancestral humans and primates; analyze remains in great detail to determine what they reveal about bio evolution |
| archaeology | study of material culture among past humans; use tools and structures to uncover detail about past |
| what do both paleoanthro and archaeology focus on | prehistory and have techniques and methods in common |
| dilemma | to recover/study materials you must dig them up. MUST DIG UP EVERYTHING AROUND WHAT YOU FOUND AS TO NOT DAMAGE ANY EVIDENCE. |
| artifacts | material culture. things that are found that reveal behavior and beliefs; EX. TOOLS |
| context | refers to place where an artifact is found, SOIL SITE, TYPE, LAYER WHERE FOSSIL OR ARTIFACT CAME FROM, WHAT ELSE WAS IN LAYER |
| association | relations among artifacts and fossils |
| how does organic material become fossil | must be preserved by ice or natural resin, or covered in sediment |
| where are fossils located | near civilization, near water sources, and high preservation areas |
| where do paleoanthro's look for fossils | conditions of organisms and plants were preserves |
| where do archaeologists look for fossils | anywhere were humans have lived, worked, or interacted with environment |
| excavation | grid; surface divided into equal squares and used to locate objects in space |
| datum | origin in 3 dimensions |
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aawebb12
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