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Urinary System 3
Class for Disease Processes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acute glomerulonephritis is an? | inflammation of the kidneys primarily affecting children and young adults |
| Acute glomerulonephritis usually occurs 1-4 weeks after a? | streptococcal infection (throat or skin) |
| Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include? | 1. Chills and pyrexia (fever) |
| Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include? | 2. Anorexia (loss of appetite) |
| Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include? | 3. General weakness. |
| Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include? | 4. Generalized edema (swelling) especially in the face and ankles. |
| Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include? | 5. Albuminuria (protein in the urine) |
| Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include? | 6. Hematuria (blood in the urine) |
| Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include? | 7. Casts (molds) in the urine. |
| The Px (prognosis) for acute pyelonephritis is generally good if? | a chronic degeneration of nephrons (kidney cells) does not occur |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis is an? | inflammation of the kidneys that may persist for years with remissions and relapses. |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually accompanied by? | HTN (high blood pressure) |
| Another sign of chronic glomerulonephritis is? | low specific gravity of the urine. |
| The end result of chronic glomerulonephritis can be? | renal atrophy and RF (no development) |
| The RF causes? | Urema (azotemia) |
| Uremia (azotemia) means? | a blood condition of excessive nitrogenous (N) waste. |
| RF (renal failure) | prevents the kidneys from eliminating nitrogenous (N) waste. |
| Blood tests commonly used to detect renal failure (RF) include? | 1. BUN (blood urea nitrogen) |
| Blood tests commonly used to detect renal failure (RF) include? | 2. Creatinine clearance |
| Blood tests commonly used to detect renal failure (RF) include? | 3. Cys (cystatin c (cysC) |
| Causes of ARF (acute renal failure) include? | 1. Hypovolemic shock. |
| Causes of ARF (acute renal failure) include? | 2. Blood type or Rh incompatibility |
| Causes of ARF (acute renal failure) include? | 3. Kidney disease |
| Causes of ARF (acute renal failure) include? | 4. Trauma |
| Causes of ARF (acute renal failure) include? | 5. Poisoning |
| Signs and symptoms of Acute Renal Failure include? | 1. Oliguria (scanty urine) |
| Signs and symptoms of Acute Renal Failure include? | 2. Anuria (no urine production) |
| Signs and symptoms of Acute Renal Failure include? | 3. Uremia (azotemia) (excessive nitrogenous waste). |
| Signs and symptoms of Acute Renal Failure include? | 4. Ammonia breath |
| Signs and symptoms of Acute Renal Failure include? | 5. Hyperkalemia (blood condition of excessive potassium) |
| Signs and symptoms of Acute Renal Failure include? | 6. Muscle weakness that can lead to cardiac arrest. |
| Tx (treatment) of Acute Renal failure includes? | 1. Remedy the cause. |
| Tx (treatment) of Acute Renal failure includes? | 2. HD (hemodialysis) until the kidneys begin to function properly. |
| Another type of dialysis is called? | CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. |
| Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is usually caused by long standing kidney disease such as? | 1. Chronic glomerulonephritis |
| Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is usually caused by long standing kidney disease such as? | 2. Chronic HTN (hypertension) |
| Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is usually caused by long standing kidney disease such as? | 3. DN (diabetic nephropathy) |
| Tx (treatment) for CRF (chronic renal failure) include? | 1. HD (hemodialysis) |
| Tx (treatment) for CRF (chronic renal failure) include? | 2.Kidney transplantation. |
| CRF (chronic renal failure) can also be caused by? | ATN (acute tubular necrosis) |
| Causes of ATN (acute tubular necrosis) include nephrotoxic agents such as? | 1. Certain antibiotics (Gentamicin) |
| Causes of ATN (acute tubular necrosis) include nephrotoxic agents such as? | 2. Dyes used in diagnostic procedures. |
| Pyelonephritis is a? | suppurative (pus forming) inflammation of a renal pelvis. |
| Pyelonephritis is usually caused by pyogenic (pus creating) organisms such as? | 1. E. coli (escherichia) |
| Pyelonephritis is usually caused by pyogenic (pus creating) organisms such as? | 2. Strep (streptococci) |
| Pyelonephritis is usually caused by pyogenic (pus creating) organisms such as? | 3. Staph (staphylococci) |
| The microorganisms can cause? | abscesses (collection of pus) to form. |
| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include? | 1. Chills and pyrexia (fever) |
| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include? | 2. Back and abdominal pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include? | 3. Dysuria (painful urination) |
| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include? | 4. Pyuria (pus in the urine) |
| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include? | 5. Bacteriuria (Bacteria in the urine). |
| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include? | 6. Hematuria (blood in the urine) |
| Tx (treatment) of pyelonephritis includes the use of? | antibiotics (Bactrium) |
| The Px (prognosis) for pyelonephritis is? | good |
| Renal carcinoma occurs more frequently in? | 50 to 60 year old men. |
| The incidence of renal carcinoma doubles for? | smokers. |
| The Px (prognosis) for renal carcinoma is poor because? | metastases to the lungs, liver, bone and brain usually occur before signs and symptoms appear. |
| The chief sign of renal carcinoma is? | painless hematuria (blood in the urine). |
| A WT(Wilm's Tumor) is a? | malignant fast growing renal tumor is very young children. |
| The Px (prognosis) for WT (Wilm's tumor) is? | poor but remission rates are increasing. |
| The medical terms for kidney stones are? | nephrolithiasis and urinary (renal) calculi. |
| Urinary calculi occurs more frequently in? | 20 to 40 year old men (4 to 1) |
| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis occur when a? | calculus obstruct a ureter. |
| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis include? | 1. Sharp severe retroperitoneal (flank) pain radiating to the inguinal (stomach)region. |
| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis include? | 2. Hematuria (blood in the urine). |
| Causes of nephrolithiasis include? | 1. Dietary Ca (calcium) excess |
| Causes of nephrolithiasis include? | 2. Dietary protein and Na (sodium) excess. |
| Causes of nephrolithiasis include? | 3. Hyperparathyroidism. |
| A calculus that fills the renal pelvis completely is called a? | staghorn calculus |
| Tests commonly used to detect a renal calculus include? | 1.KUB (kidneys, ureters, and bladder (x-rays) |
| Tests commonly used to detect a renal calculus include? | 2. Renal ultrasound |
| Tests commonly used to detect a renal calculus include? | 3. CT (computerized tomography) |
| Tests commonly used to detect a renal calculus include? | 4. IVP (intervenous pyelogram) |
| Tx (treatment) for a calculus that impedes the flow of urine is a? | ESWL (extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy) |
| Hydronephrosis occurs when? | the kidney becomes extremely dilated with urine. |
| Causes of hydronephrosis include? | 1. Renal calculus (stone) |
| Causes of hydronephrosis include? | 2. Tumor |
| Causes of hydronephrosis include? | 3. BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia. |
| Tx (treatment) for hydronephrosis involves? | removal of the obstruction before permanent damage to a kidney(s) occurs. |
| The leading risk factor for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) include? | 1. DM (diabetes mellitus) |
| The leading risk factor for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) include? | 2. Chronic HTN (hypertension) |
| The leading risk factor for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) include? | 3. WT (weight) gain. |
| The leading risk factor for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) include? | 4. Smoking |
| Women who drink two or more cans of regular soda per day are? | twice as likely to develop (CKD) Chronic kidney disease |
| Cystitis is an ? | inflammation of the urinary bladder AKA "bladder infection." |
| Cystitis is more common in women because? | the female urethra is shorter than in males. |
| The chief causative agent of cystitis is? | E coli (escherichia coli) |
| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include? | 1. Urinary frequency |
| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include? | 2. Urgency (sudden urge to void) |
| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include? | 3. Dysuria (painful urination) |
| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include? | 4. Bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine) |
| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include? | 5. Pyuria (pus in the urine). |
| Tx (treatment) for cystitis includes? | 1. Forcing fluids |
| Tx (treatment) for cystitis includes? | 2. Antibiotics. |
| The Px (prognosis) for cystitis is? | good |
| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include? | 1. Wiping from front to back after a (bowel movement) BM. |
| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include? | 2. take showers for hygiene instead of baths. |
| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include? | 3. do not douche unless directed by a physician. |
| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include? | 4. refrain from wearing tight fitting pants. |
| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include? | 5. Wearing cotton underwear. |
| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include? | 6. Urinate after coitus (intercourse) |
| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include? | 7. Increase fluid intake every day and include cranberry juice. |
| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include? | Vitamin C supplement taken in the evening. |
| Urethritis is? | inflammation of the urethra. |
| Urethritis in males may be caused by? | GC (gonococci) |
| Signs and symptoms of urethritis include? | 1. Dysuria (painful urination) |
| Signs and symptoms of urethritis include? | 2. Balanorrhea (purulent discharge from the glans penis) |
| Signs and symptoms of urethritis include? | 3. Testicular edema (swelling) |
| Urethritis in females commonly accompanies? | cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder. |
| Tx (treatment) for urethritis includes? | antibiotics (amoxicillin) |
| PID stands for? | pelvic inflammatory disease |
| PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) refers to? | inflammation of the female pelvic reproductive organs |
| Common causes of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) include the? | STDs (sexually transmitted diseases. GC (gonorrhea) and chlamydia. |
| Signs and symptoms of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) include? | 1. Lower abdominal pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) include? | 2. Pyrexia (fever) |
| Signs and symptoms of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) include? | 3. Dysuria (painful urination. |
| Signs and symptoms of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) include? | 4. Pungent leukorrhea (aromatic vaginal discharge. |
| Signs and symptoms of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) include? | 5. Dyspareunia (painful copulation) |
| A complication of untreated PID (pelvic inflammatory disease include? | infertility (inability to reproduce) |
| Tx (treatment) of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) includes? | antibiotics, ASA (aspirin), bed rest, and fluids. |
| Vaginitis is and inflammation of the vagina commonly caused by? | 1. Candida albicans (candidiasis) |
| Vaginitis is and inflammation of the vagina commonly caused by? | 2. Trichomonas (trichomoniasis) |
| Candidiasis is AKA? | yeast infection |
| Candida proliferation (growth) can occur with the over use of? | antibiotics or douches |
| Candida proliferation (growth) can destroy the? | normal vaginal flora (beneficial microbes) allowing opportunistic yeast infections to occur. |
| Signs and symptoms of vaginitis include? | 1. Pungent leukorrhea (aromatic vaginal discharge) |
| Signs and symptoms of vaginitis include? | 2. Vaginal pruritus (itching) |
| Signs and symptoms of vaginitis include? | 3. Vaginal burning and soreness. |
| A common Tx (treatment) for candidiasis is? | Monistat (miconazole) |
| A common Tx (treatment) for trichomoniasis is? | Flagyl (metronidazole) |
| The incidence of yeast infections can be reduced by drinking 2 or more glasses of? | milk daily |
| Atrophic vaginitis is caused by? | atrophy of the vaginal walls |
| Atrophic vaginitis is commonly caused by? | a decrease in estrogen associated with menopause. |
| A common complaint of atrophic vaginitis is? | dyspareunia (painful intercourse) |
| Tx (treatment) for atrophic vaginitis includes? | 1. ERT (estrogen replacement therapy AKA HRT (hormone replacement therapy |
| Tx (treatment) for atrophic vaginitis includes? | 2. Antibiotic creams |
| Tx (treatment) for atrophic vaginitis includes? | 3. Steroid creams |
| Tx (treatment) for atrophic vaginitis includes? | 4. K-Y Jelly |
| Puerperal sepsis is an infection of the endometrium occurring after? | parturition (childbirth) or abortion (termination of a pregnancy |
| The most common cause of puerperal sepsis is? | poor aseptic technique during parturition or abortion. |
| Cervical cancer refers to a? | malignancy of the Cx (cervix) |
| Cervical cancer has a good Px (prognosis) if? | detected before metastasis. |
| The most common test to detect cervical malignancy is the? | PAP test (smear) every two years. |
| After age 30 and after 3 consecutive negative PAP tests? | every 3 years. |
| No PAP required after a? | hysterectomy |
| Pap tests should begin within? | 3 years of becoming sexually active or by age 21. |
| A cervical lesion detected before metastasis is called? | CIS (carcinoma in situ) |
| Tx (treatment) for in situ includes? | 1. Conization (surgical removal of the affected section of the cervix |
| Tx (treatment) for in situ includes? | 2. Cryosurgery (freezing affected tissue. |
| Tx (treatment) for in situ includes? | 3. Cauterization (burn affected tissue) |
| Tx (treatment) for in situ includes? | 4. Hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus. |
| Risk factors for cervical malignancy include? | 1. Poor hygiene |
| Risk factors for cervical malignancy include? | 2. HPV (human papillomavirus) |
| Risk factors for cervical malignancy include? | 3. Multiple sexual partners |
| Risk factors for cervical malignancy include? | 4. Intercourse at an early age |
| Risk factors for cervical malignancy include? | 5. Smoking |
| Cervical cancer is the ? | 2nd most common cancer in women after breast cancer. |
| Every 47 minutes a woman in the US is diagnosed with a? | cervical malignancy |
| Fibroid tumors are? | benign tumors of the myometrium (muscle layer of the uterus) |
| Fibroid tumors are also called? | leiomyomas |
| Fibroid tumors are more common in? | African American and obese women |
| The risk of developing leiomyomas is? | 1 in 5 women under the age of 50 |
| Signs and symptoms of fibroid tumors include? | 1. Pelvis pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of fibroid tumors include? | 2. Menorrhagia (excessive or prolonged menses) |
| Signs and symptoms of fibroid tumors include? | 3. Metrorrhagia (bleeding between menses. |
| Signs and symptoms of fibroid tumors include? | 4. Dyspareunia (painful coitus) |
| Tx (treatment)for leiomyomas include? | 1. Myomectomy (excision of the myomas) |
| Tx (treatment)for leiomyomas include? | 2. Myolysis (coagulation of the artery feeding the tumor). |
| Tx (treatment)for leiomyomas include? | 3. Hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus). |
| The most common ovarian neoplasm is an? | ovarian cyst |
| An ovarian cyst is usually a? | benign (nonmalignant)fluid filled sac. |
| An ovarian cyst will usually resolve with time but a large cyst that interferes with blood flow can be? | removed surgically. |
| PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)is characterized by? | androgen (testosterone) and insulin imbalance. |
| Signs and symptoms of PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)include? | 1. WT (weight gain) and HTN (hypertension) |
| Signs and symptoms of PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)include? | 2. Increased facial and body hair. |
| Signs and symptoms of PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)include? | 3. Alopecia (loss of hair) |
| Signs and symptoms of PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)include? | 4. Irregular menses (menstruation) |
| Signs and symptoms of PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)include? | 5. MDD (major depressive disorder) |
| Signs and symptoms of PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)include? | 6. Infertility (inability to reproduce) |
| PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) can increase the risk for? | cardiovascular disease and DM (diabetes mellitus) |
| Tx (treatment) for PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) includes? | 1. Healthy diet |
| Tx (treatment) for PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) includes? | 2. Regular exercise. |
| Tx (treatment) for PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) includes? | 3. BCPs (birth control pills |
| Tx (treatment) for PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) includes? | 4. Stop smoking |
| An ovarian malignancy is the? | fifth leading cause of cancer death in women. |
| Signs and symptoms of an ovarian malignancy include: | 1.Prolonged abdominal bloating and pelvic pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of an ovarian malignancy include: | 2. Chronic fatique |
| Signs and symptoms of an ovarian malignancy include: | 3. Anorexia (loss of appetite) |
| Signs and symptoms of an ovarian malignancy include: | 4. WT (weight) loss |
| Signs and symptoms of an ovarian malignancy include: | 5. Prolonged urinary frequency. |
| Risk factors for an ovarian malignancy include? | 1. High fat diet |
| Risk factors for an ovarian malignancy include? | 2. Nulliparity (no live births) |
| Risk factors for an ovarian malignancy include? | 3. Family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer. |
| Risk factors for an ovarian malignancy include? | 4. Childbearing after age 30 |
| Risk factors for an ovarian malignancy include? | 5. Delayed menopause |
| Ovarian malignancies occur more frequently? | perimenopausal (around or after) and postmenopausal (after) |
| Tx Treatment for an ovarian malignancy includes? | 1. Oophorectomy (excision of an ovary and hysterectomy (excision of the uterus. |
| Tx Treatment for an ovarian malignancy includes? | 2. Chemotherapy (antineoplastics) |
| Tx Treatment for an ovarian malignancy includes? | 3. Radiation therapy |
| A chemical in the blood that can elevate with the presence of an ovarian malignancy is? | CA-125 |
| The risk of ovarian neoplasms decreases with the use of? | BCPs (birth control pills) |
| The most common breast malignancy is an? | adenocarcinoma |
| Adenocarcinomas occurs more often in? | 1. Nulliparity (no live births) |
| Adenocarcinomas occurs more often in? | 2. Women with a family hx (history) of breast Ca (cancer). |
| Adenocarcinomas frequently occur around the time of? | menopause |
| Common signs of a breast malignancy include? | 1. A hard fixed lump in the upper outer quadrant of a breast. |
| Common signs of a breast malignancy include? | 2. Axillary lymphadenopathy (armpit swollen lymph nodes). |
| Common signs of a breast malignancy include? | 3. Papillary (nipple) retraction. |
| Common signs of a breast malignancy include? | 4. the skin can pucker and/or dimple. |
| Common signs of a breast malignancy include? | 5. Papillary (nipple) discharge |
| ACS (American Cancer Society) mammogram recommendations include? | 1. Annually for 40 - 49 year olds if personal or family history exists. |
| ACS (American Cancer Society) mammogram recommendations include? | 2. Ages 50 - 75 every two years. |
| BSE (breast self examination)should be performed? | every month starting at age 20. |
| A woman's lifetime risk of developing a breast malignancy is? | 1 in 8 (2nd leading cause of cancer death in US woman. |
| Confirmation of the suspected tumor can be made with a? | stereotactic needle biopsy (Bx) |
| Malignant breast tumors can? | metastasize to the lungs, liver, brain and bone via the lymphatic system. |
| Tx for breast malignancy includes? | 1. Lumpectomy (excision of a lump) |
| Tx for breast malignancy includes? | 2. Mastectomy (excision of a breast) |
| Tx for breast malignancy includes? | 3. Radiation therapy |
| Tx for breast malignancy includes? | 4. Chemotherapy (antineoplastics) |
| Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include? | 1. ETOH (alcohol) |
| Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include? | 2. Smoking |
| Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include? | 3. Sedentary lifestyle (little to no regular exercise. |
| Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include? | 4. Consuming sugary sweets 3 or more times per week. |
| Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include? | 5. ERT (estrogen replacement therapy) |
| Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include? | 6. BCPs (birth control pills) |
| Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include? | 7. Nulliparity (no live births) |
| Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include? | 8. Folate (folic acid) deficiency |
| Foods rich in folate (folic acid)include? | leafy green vegetables, fortified cereals, legumes, citrus, bananas, melons, and blackberries. |
| Breast malignancy risk can be significantly reduced by? | moderate exercise, healthy weight, and breastfeeding. |
| Breast malignancies are more common in women over the age of? | 45 |
| The younger a person is with a breast malignancy? | the more aggressive the disease. |
| The most common benign tumor of a breast is called a? | fibroadenoma |
| Fibroadenomas are usually solid, round, rubbery, painless and? | move freely |
| A second type of benign tumor of a breast is called? | FCC (fibrocystic changes) AKA "lumpy breasts" |
| FCC (fibrocystic changes) usually occur in both breasts and increase in size and tenderness just prior to? | menses (menstruation) |
| A third type of benign breast tumor is a fluid filled? | cyst |
| Breast cysts are round, moveable, and may increase in size and become tender just prior to? | menses (menstruation) |
| TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) is commonly caused by proliferation of? | staph (staphylococcus) |
| TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome)is associated with? | tampon use. |
| Signs of TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) include? | 1. Hyperthermia (pyrexia of > 014 |
| Signs of TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) include? | 2. Rash |
| Signs of TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) include? | 3. Peeling skin |
| Signs of TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) include? | 4. GI distress (diarrhea + vomiting) |
| Signs of TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) include? | 5. Hypotension (low blood pressure) |
| Tx (treatment) for TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) includes? | 1. Fluid replacement |
| Tx (treatment) for TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) includes? | 2. Antibiotic therapy |
| Women who use tampons are encouraged to? | change them frequently and avoid super-absorbent. |
| PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) is a group of symptoms that start 1 to 2 week? | before menstruation (menses) and usually cease (stop)with the onset of menses (menstruation) |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 1. Low abdominal bloating and pain |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 2. Breast swelling and tenderness |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 3. Cephalagia (headache) |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 4. WT (weight) gain. |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 5. Acne |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 6. Insomnia (difficulty sleeping) |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 7. Mood swings |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 8. Anxiety |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 9. MDD (major depressive disorder) / or clinical depression. |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 10. Irritability |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 11. Hostility |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 12. Crying spells |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 13. Food cravings (sweet and salty) |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 14. Clumsiness |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include? | 15. Fatigue |
| Tx (treatment) of PMS includes? | 1. Increase water intake |
| Tx (treatment) of PMS includes? | 2. Regular exercise |
| Tx (treatment) of PMS includes? | 3. Support groups |
| Tx (treatment) of PMS includes? | 4. Stress management techniques |
| Tx (treatment) of PMS includes? | 5. The avoidance of salt, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol. |
| Tx (treatment) of PMS includes? | OTC (over the counter) analgesics |
| PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a severe form of? | PMS (premenstrual syndrome) |
| The signs and symptoms of PMDD are severe enough to? | interfere with work, social activities and relationships. |
| Tx for PMDD includes? | sedatives and antidepressants. |
| Endometriosis is condition caused by? | ectopic (out of place) endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) |
| The ectopic endometrium responds to the cyclic hormonal stimulation and can cause? | 1. pelvic pain and bloating. |
| The ectopic endometrium responds to the cyclic hormonal stimulation and can cause? | 2. Menorrhagia (excessive or prolonged menses). |
| The ectopic endometrium responds to the cyclic hormonal stimulation and can cause? | 3. Metrorrhagia (bleeding between menses) |
| The ectopic endometrium responds to the cyclic hormonal stimulation and can cause? | 4. Fatigue |
| The ectopic endometrium responds to the cyclic hormonal stimulation and can cause? | 5. Sterility (infertility) |
| Tx (treatment) for endometriosis includes? | 1. Laparoscopic (visualzation of the abdomenopelvic cavity)excision of the ectopic endometrium. |
| Tx (treatment) for endometriosis includes? | 2. OCP's (oral contraceptive pills) causing amenorrhea (no meneses) |
| An EP(ectopic pregnancy) occurs when a fertilized ovum implants in tissue other than the? | uterus |
| The most common site for an EP (ectopic pregnancy) is a? | fallopian tube (oviduct, uterine tube) AKA "tubal pregnancy." |
| Causes of EPs (ectopic pregnancies) include? | 1. Salpingitis (inflammation of a uterine tube) associated with Sty's (sexually transmitted diseases) causing fallopian adhesions) tissue that stick together. |
| Causes of EPs (ectopic pregnancies) include? | 2. Endometriosis (ectopic endometrium) |
| Signs and symptoms of an EP (ectopic pregnancy) usually appear withing 2 months and include? | 1. Unilaterel (one sided)abdominal and/or pelvic pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of an EP (ectopic pregnancy) usually appear withing 2 months and include? | 2. Vaginal bleeding |
| Signs and symptoms of an EP (ectopic pregnancy) usually appear withing 2 months and include? | 3. Vertigo (dizziness) |
| Signs and symptoms of an EP (ectopic pregnancy) usually appear withing 2 months and include? | 4. Weakness and syncope (fainting) |
| Signs and symptoms of an EP (ectopic pregnancy) usually appear withing 2 months and include? | N + V (nausea and vomiting) |
| Tx (treatment) for an EP (ectopic pregnancy) include? | 1. Termination of pregnancy with methotrexate or laparoscopic salpingostomy. |
| A spontaneous abortion is AKA? | a miscarriage |
| A spontaneous abortion during the first trimester is often caused by a? | fetal genetic abnormality (anomaly) |
| A spontaneous abortion usually occurs between the? | 7th and 12 weeks of gestation (pregnancy) |
| Causes of miscarriage include? | 1. Infection |
| Causes of miscarriage include? | 2. drugs, ETOH (alcohol), smoking and caffeine. |
| Causes of miscarriage include? | 3. Poor nutrition. |
| Causes of miscarriage include? | 4. Toxins (poisons) |
| Causes of miscarriage include? | 5. Radiation. |
| The surgical procedure performed to scrape the endometrium if placental tissue remains after a miscarriage is called a? | D + C (dilation and curettage) |
| Toxemia is AKA? | preeclampsia. |
| Preeclampsia only occurs during? | pregnancy (usually after 20 weeks) |
| The principal signs include? | 1. PIH (pregnancy induced hypertension) |
| The principal signs include? | 2. Albuminuria (protein in the urine) |
| The principal signs include? | 3. Edema (swelling in the face, arms, and legs). |
| The principal signs include? | 4. Unusual WT (weight) gain. |
| If seizures develop, the condition is called? | eclampsia |
| Prevention techniques include? | 1. Prenatal care 2. Proper nutrition. |
| Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate commonly caused by? | E coli (escherichia) or GC (gonococci) |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include? | 1. Urgency (need to void immediately) |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include? | 2. Frequency (frequent urination) |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include? | 3. Dysuria (painful urination) |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include? | 4. Pyuria (pus in the urine) |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include? | 5. Hematuria (blood in the urine) |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include? | 6. Painful ejaculation. |
| Prostatitis usually responds well to? | antibiotic therapy. |
| BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) is a? | nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate. |
| Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is more common after the age of? | 50 |
| The enlarged prostate can frequently be palpated by? | DRE (digital rectal examination) |
| Because the enlarged prostate squeezes the urethra the patient will complain of? | dysuria (difficulty initiating the flow of urine) and urinary retention (inability to start the flow of urine. |
| Untreated urinary retention can cause? | hydronephrosis |
| Tx (treatment) for BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) includes? | 1. Avodart or Flomax |
| Tx (treatment) for BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) includes? | 2. Cystoscopy (viewing the urinary bladder) and TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate. |
| A prostatic carcinoma may be small and initially? | asymptomatic (no symptoms) |
| Signs and symptoms of a prostatic carcinoma include? | 1. Dysuria (difficulty urinating) |
| Signs and symptoms of a prostatic carcinoma include? | 2. Hematuria (blood in the urine) |
| Signs and symptoms of a prostatic carcinoma include? | 3. Anorexia (loss of appetite) and WT (weight) loss. |
| Signs and symptoms of a prostatic carcinoma include? | 4. Nocturia (chronic night urination) |
| Signs and symptoms of a prostatic carcinoma include? | 5. Urinary incontinence (inability to control urination) AKA - enuresis. |
| The blood test to detect a predisposition to prostatic carcinoma is? | PSA (prostatic specific antigen) |
| A PSA should be performed annually for men over the age of? | 50 (45 for African -Americans) |
| Prostatic carcinoma can metastasize to the? | rectum, lymph, and bone. |
| A good Px (prognosis) depends on? | early detection |
| Treatment for prostatic carcinoma includes? | 1. Chemotherapy (estrogen) |
| Treatment for prostatic carcinoma includes? | 2. Bilateral orchiectomy (surgical removal of the testes). |
| Treatment for prostatic carcinoma includes? | 3. Radiation therapy |
| Treatment for prostatic carcinoma includes? | 4. Prostatectomy (excision of the prostate). |
| Cryptorchidism refers to? | descended testicle. |
| Cryptorchidism can eventually cause? | sterility (infertility) |
| Treatment for cryptorchidism includes? | orchiopexy (surgical fixation of a testes) or orchiectomy (excision of a testicle. |
| Impotence is the inability to achieve or maintain and erection AKA? | ED (erectile dysfunction) |
| Causes of erectile dysfunction include? | 1.Poorly controlled stress. |
| Causes of erectile dysfunction include? | 2. Arterioclerosis (hardening of the arteries. |
| Causes of erectile dysfunction include? | 3. DM (diabetes mellitus) |
| Causes of erectile dysfunction include? | 4. Complications of prostatectomy (excision of the prostate) |
| Causes of erectile dysfunction include? | 5. Trauma |
| Causes of erectile dysfunction include? | 6. Urologic disorders |
| Causes of erectile dysfunction include? | 7.side effects from medications (hypertensives, sedatives, antihistamines, antidepressants, and antipsycotics). |
| Causes of erectile dysfunction include? | 8. Drug and/or alcohol abuse. |
| Tx (treatment) for ED (erectile dysfunction) includes? | 1. Viagra, Levitra,and Cialis. 2. Penile implants. |
| STDs are also known as? | STIs (sexually transmitted infections) |
| Methods to reduce incidence of STIs (sexually transmitted infections) include? | 1. Abstinence (no sexual contact with another) |
| Methods to reduce incidence of STIs (sexually transmitted infections) include? | 2. Monogamy (mutually exclusive sexual contact. |
| Methods to reduce incidence of STIs (sexually transmitted infections) include? | Barriers (condoms) |
| Chlamydia is the most common STD (sexually transmitted diseases) and the number one cause of? | PID (pelvic inflammatory disease. |
| Untreated chlamydia can cause? | sterility (infertility) in women |
| Chlamydia infections are often? | asymptomatic (no symptoms) |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for women may include? | 1. Dysuria (difficulty/painful urination). |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for women may include? | 2. Pungent (aromatic) vaginal discharge. |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for women may include? | 3. Dyspareunia (painful coitus) |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for women may include? | 4. Dysmenorrhea (painful menses) |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for women may include? | 5.Abdominal pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for women may include? | 6. Vaginal pruritus (itching) |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for men may include? | 1. Dysuria (painful urination) |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for men may include? | 2. Balanorrhea (purulent discharge from the glans penis. |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for men may include? | 3. Testicular edema (swelling) |
| Chlamydia can be cured with? | antibiotics. |
| Gonorrhea is caused by GC (gonococci) and is the? | second most common STD (sexually treated disease). |
| Untreated gonorrhea can cause? | sterility (infertility) in men and women. |
| Gonorrhea transmitted to a fetus during delivery can cause? | blindness and possibly death |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea usually appear? | 2 - 10 days after exposure. |
| Gonorrhea infections can be? | asymptomatic (no symptoms) |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for women may include? | 1. Greenish-yellow vaginal discharge |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for women may include? | 2. Lower abdominal and pelvic pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for women may include? | 3. Pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx. |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for women may include? | 4. Dysuria (painful urination) |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for men may include? | 1. Greenish-yellowish balanorrhea (discharge from the glans penis) |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for men may include? | 2. Dysuria (painful urination) |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for men may include? | 3. pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx) |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for men may include? | Testicular edema (swelling) |
| Gonorrhea can be cured with? | antibiotics |
| The primary stage of syphilis is characterized by one or more painless ulcers that appear on the penis, labia, lips, tongue, or anus called? | chancres. |
| A chancre will develop within a? | 10 to 90 days after sexual contact (highly contagious) |
| A chancre will heal and disappear in? | 3 to 6 weeks. |
| This primary stage is treatable with? | PCN (penicillin) |
| If primary syphilis is left untreated the secondary stage begins within? | 6 weeks to 6 months after exposure and usually lasts 1 to 3 months. |
| The secondary stage is characterized by? | a non pruritic rash (itching) rash typically on the palms and soles. |
| The secondary stage is treatable with? | (PCN) Penicillin |
| The tertiary (third) stage can occur? | years after the primary infection |
| The tertiary stage occurs in approximately? | 30% of people infected with syphilis. |
| Complications of the tertiary stage include? | heart disease, blindness, mental illness, and death. |
| Blood tests for syphilis include? | 1. VDRL 2. RPR 3. EIA |
| Genital herpes is an extremely painful chronic viral disease caused by the? | HSV II (herpes simplex virus) |
| In the US, the HSV (herpes simplex virus) II affects? | 1 in 4 women and 1 in 5 men. |
| Symptoms of HSV (herpes simplex virus) II generally occur within? | 3 weeks of exposure. |
| Signs and symptoms of HSV (herpes simplex) II include? | 1. Multiple painful, itching, burning, blister-like lesions that appear on the genitalia, buttocks, and thighs. |
| Signs and symptoms of HSV (herpes simplex) II include? | 2. Dysuria (painful urination) |
| Signs and symptoms of HSV (herpes simplex) II include? | 3. Vaginal discharge |
| The active lesions appear when the? | immune system is compromised. |
| This diease is more easily transmitted when the lesions are? | active |
| Outbreaks of genital herpes can be treated with? | antiviral drugs. There is no cure. |
| There are approximately 30 different types of the? | HPV (human papillomavirus) |
| 75 - 80% of all males and females will be? | infected with the HPV (human papillomavirus) during their lifetime. |
| For most, the immune systems will? | defeat the HPV (human papillomavirus) |
| 90% of HPV (human papillomavirus) lesions are caused by? | 2 types of HPV (human papillomavirus) |
| HPV (human papillomavirus) lesions may appear within? | weeks of several months of the sexual exposure. |
| HPV (human papillomavirus) lesions commonly appear on the? | penis and scrotum in men and on the perineum of women. |
| The primary symptoms of the HPV (human papillomavirus) are? | pruritus (itching) and pain. |
| About 75% of all cervical malignancies are caused by? | 2 other types of the HPV (human papillomavirus) |
| Uncircumcised men are? | three times more likely to be infected with the HPV (human papillomavirus) |
| A vaccine is available for these four types of the HPV (human papillomavirus) called? | Gardasil (approved for males and females ages 9 to 26. |
| Tx (treatment) for the HPV (human papillomavirus) includes? | 1. Antiviral medications |
| Tx (treatment) for the HPV (human papillomavirus) includes? | 2. Electrocautery (electrical burning) |
| Tx (treatment) for the HPV (human papillomavirus) includes? | 3. Cryosurgery (freezing) |
Created by:
Penny S
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