Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

Pharmacology: U1

Unit 1 terms/data

Question	Answer
Pharmacology	the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms.
6 fields of pharmacology	pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacy, posology, toxicology
Pharmacodynamics	study of the action of drugs on living tissues (mechanism of action)
Pharmacokinetics	study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Pharmacotherapeutics	stud of the use of drugs in treating disease
Pharmacy	science of preparing and dispensing medicines
Posology	study of the amount of drug that is required to produce therapeutic effect (desired effect)
Toxicology	study of the toxic/poisonous effects of drugs
FDA definition of a drug	any substance used in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans or animals
3 medical uses for drugs	therapeutic, preventative, diagnostic
Therapeutic use	drugs are used to control/cure symptoms, conditions, or diseases of a physiological or psychological nature; ex. Antibiotics, analgesics, hormone replacement therapy.
Preventative use	drugs are used to prevent the occurrence of symptoms, conditions, or diseases. Ex. Vaccination for immunization against childhood diseases (extends lifespan); drugs taken to prevent motion sickness prior to flying
Diagnostic use	drugs are used by themselves or in conjunction w/ radiological procedures & other types of medical tests to provide evidence of a disease process. Ex. Radiopaque dyes used during x-ray procedures; drugs given to stimulate cardiac exercise
Why do people take drugs?:	To aid in religious practices, explore the self, alter mood, treat cause/symptoms of disease, promote and enhance social interaction, enhance sensory experience, stimulate artistic creativity/performance, improve physical performance, make money
Responsibilities of health professionals administering meds	ck written order, if med s/b held prior to admin; ID allergies; know drug action/side effects, usual dosages; know pt. condition; ID pt; stay until oral meds swallowed; record necessary info immediately; family and pt teaching; admin using 5 rights rule
Five rights rule	right—patient, drug, dose, route, time
Precautions in drug administration	no distractions; proper lighting; ck label 3x; use current meds (no expired); prep meds just before admin; admin drugs you prepare; admin properly labeled drugs; use proper prep tech; store as recommended; keep narcotics locked up; keep accurate records
Source of drug information	United States pharmacopoeia
United States Pharmacopoeia	est.1906; official drug reference; unbiased. Several volumes; v1 for health professionals, v2 for pts; has drug monographs w/ practical info; highlights risks, monthly updates, updated annually; highly recommended reference for all health professionals.
Natural sources of drugs	plants, animals, minerals
Genetic engineering	experimental manipulation of the genome to produce certain characteristics; ex. Gene splicing technique;
Recombinant DNA technology	piece of DNA extracted from one organism that is then inserted into another (i.e. single-cell bacterium); if inserts, organisms will produce large amounts of specific protein, allowing valuable proteins to be produced for mass distribution
Schedule drugs	drugs with potential for abuse/dependence; 1970 leg Controlled Substances Act est. by DEA created 5 categories for controlled substances; label and packaging for controlled sub must show drug’s assigned schedule (big “C” w/ roman numeral of schedule)
Federal Food & Drug Act of 1906	est US Pharmacopoeia & Nat’l Formulary as compendia of approved drugs, 1st official written source for meds; 1st gov’t attempt to protect consumers of foods/ drugs; drug prep w/ any “dangerous” drugs must show ingred on label; no enforcement agency
Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951	specified how prescription drugs could be ordered/dispensed; recognized OTC drugs; required warning labels for drowsiness, nervousness, etc; created “legend drugs”—drugs that bear label “caution
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970	est. DEA; drugs w/ potential for abuse indicated as controlled substances; created five schedules; sets security, reg of inventory, limitations for use of controlled substances; prescribers must have DEA number.
Schedule I drug	high abuse potential; no accepted medical use; approved protocol necessary for dispensation; ex. opioids (heroin); cannabis, psychedelics
Schedule II drug	high abuse potential; accepted medical uses, may lead to dependence; script necessary; emergency verbal scripts must be confirmed w/in 72 hours; no refills allowed; warning label; ex opioids, barbiturates, stimulants
Informed consent	mandatory; must be given to volunteers of research studies; form includes detailed info about the study, potential side effects, benefits.
Double-blind clinical study	third party knows who receives active drug; neither the patient or investigators know which patients are receiving the drug or placebo
Steps in development of new drugs	drug tested for toxicity, pharmacokinetics, useful effects;animal testing, then FDA review;gets chemical name, generic name; human clinical trials for safety, therapeutic use, dosage; approval leads to brand name; drug released for observation of patients
Pregnancy safety categories	FDA assigned categories for drugs
Category X	pregnancy safety categories; fetal abnormalities reported, positive evidence of fetal risk in human; risks involved clearly outweigh the potential benefits. Drugs should not be used in pregnant women.
Generic drug substitution	pharmacists are permitted to sub the generic drug for brand name drug; prescribing physician can specify if trade name drug is preferred; use of generics offers considerable savings, but for certain critical drugs, physicians prefer trade names.
Phases affecting drug activity	dosepharmaceutical phase, pharmacokinetic phase, pharmacodynamic phaseeffect
Pharmaceutical phase	disintegration of dosage form, dissolution
Pharmacokinetic phase	absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion; most drugs ionized so water soluble; influence of pH on these compounds is crucial to absorption; lipid soluble drugs easily pass through membrane.
Passive transport	most drugs are transported by this system (no energy required)
Active/carrier transport	necessary for transport of amino acids, glucose, and a few drugs (energy required); active transport usually more rapid than passive diffusion.
Pharmacokinetic absorption variables	nature of absorbing surface, blood flow, solubility, pH, drug concentration, pharmaceutical preparations
Pharmacodynamic phase	drug-receptor interaction
Routes of drug administration	enteral, parenteral, percutaneous
Enteral	administration into the gastrointestinal tract
Enteral administrations	oral, nasogastric, rectal (have first hepatic pass); buccal, sublingual
Parentral	administration into sites other than gastrointestinal tract; usually via needle; has no first pass
Parentral administrations	IV, intrapleural, intra-arterial, intra-articular, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, intraspinal, intraosseous, intrathecal, intramuscular (90 degree), subcutaneous (45 degree), intradermal (15 degrees)
Percutaneous	administration through the skin or mucous membranes; no hepatic first pass
Percutaneous administrations	transdermal, topical, intraocular, intrarespiratory, intravaginal, intrauterine, intraurethral, intranasal, otic, intravesical
Distribution	transport of a drug in body fluids from the bloodstream to various tissues of the body and ultimately to site of action; rate depends on permeability of capillaries, cardiac output, regional blood flow; first distribution to heart, liver, kidney, brain
Plasma protein binding	protein binding decreases concentration of free drug in circulation, so limits amount that travels to site of action; deems any drug as not approved by FDA
Drugs and adipose tissue	lipid-soluble drugs have a high affinity for adipose tissue, so women have harder time coming out from under anesthesia
Bones and drugs	some drugs have an unusual affinity for bones and/or teeth
Barriers to drug distribution	specialized structures composed of biologic membranes can serve as barriers to the passage of drugs at certain sites in the body
Blood-brain barrier	row of capillary endothelial cells covered by fatty sheath of glial cells joined by tight junctions; allows distribution of lipid-soluble drugs into brain, cerebrospinal fluid
Placental barrier	separate blood vessels of mother & fetus; does not give complete protection to fetus; nonselective passage of drugs across placenta to fetus, so drugs that produce response in mother can act on fetus; steroids, narcotics, anesthesics, antibiotics.
Metabolism/biotransformation	process of chemical inactivation of a drug by conversion into more water-soluble compounds or metabolites, which can then be excreted
Drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS)	vast majority of drugs that are metabolized in the liver by this enzyme system; key element is cytochrome p-450 system
Hepatic first pass effect	orally admin drugs absorbed travel first to portal system & liver before entering general circulation; some drugs significantly metabolized before ever reaches circulation, so only a small fraction of the dose is available for a pharmacologic effect
Excretion	drugs continue to act in the body until they are biotransformed and/or excreted; primarily by kidneys; also via biliary excretion, lungs, sweat, saliva, breast milk
Drug-receptor interaction	drugs are selectively active substances; have high affinity for specific chem group/cell; drug w/ best receptor fit will produce greatest response
Receptor	reactive cellular site with which a drug interacts to produce a pharmacologic effect
Affinity	propensity of a drug to bind or attach itself to a given receptor site
Efficacy	intrinsic activity; drug’s ability to initiate biologic activity as a result of such binding
Agonist	drug that combines w/ receptors & initiates a sequence of biochemical and physiologic changes; possesses both affinity and efficacy
Antagonist	agent designed to inhibit or counteract effects produced by other drugs or undesired effects caused by cellular components during illness.
Drug-enzyme interaction	interaction b/t drugs & enzymes; drugs can inhibit action of a specific enzyme and alter physiologic response; drugs can combine w/ enzymes, as well
Nonspecific drug interaction	drugs demonstrate no structural specificity & act by more general effects on cell membranes and cellular processes; may penetrate into cells or accumulate in cellular membranes and interfere w/ physical/chem means w/ cell function/processes
Drug-response relationship	after administration, each drug has own pharmacokinetic effects that can be analyzed via plasma level profile; info used to alter dose, scheduling, or rte of admin
Onset of action/latent period	interval b/t time a drug is administered and first sign of effect
Termination of action	point at which a drug effect is no longer seen
Duration of action	period from onset of drug action to the time when response is no longer perceptible
Minimal effective concentration	lowest plasma concentration that produces the desired drug effect
Peak plasma level	highest plasma concentration achieved from a dose
Toxic level	plasma concentration level at which drug produces serious adverse effects
Therapeutic range	range of plasma concentrations that produce desired drug effect w/out toxicity
Drug response curve	used to evaluate concentration needed to produce a desired therapeutic effect
Time response curve	used to determine frequency of administration of meds to maintain effective drug response
Therapeutic drug range	used to determine safety and effectiveness of a drug
Biologic half life	time required to reduce by one half the amount of unchanged drug that is in the body at the time equilibrium is established; longer the half-life, the longer it stays in the body
Therapeutic index	provides measure of relative safety of drug; presents ratio between lethal does and effective dose—ld50/ed50; closer to 1, the greater the danger involved
Drug bioavailability	percentage of active drug substances absorbed and available to reach the target issues after drug administration
Side effects	usually predictable and undesirable effects produced at therapeutic drug dosages (i.e. nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness)
Adverse reactions	unintended, undesirable and often unpredictable effects that are sometimes immediate while at other times they may take weeks or months to develop; depend on age, body mass, gender, pathologic state, etc.
Unpredictable adverse reactions	allergic drug reactions; altered state of reaction to a drug, resulting from previous sensitizing exposure and development of immunologic response
Type I (analphylactic)	massive vasodilation in peripheral body; fatal if not recognized quickly
Type II (cytotoxic)	involves a drug and IgG or IgM; sometimes called autoimmune response
Type III (arthus)	sometimes called serum sickness; drug forms complex w/ blood antibodies resulting in angioedema, arthralgia, fever, swollen lymph nodes
Type IV (cell mediated/delayed hypersensitivity reaction)	sensitized T lymphocytes and macrophages; dermatitis from direct skin contact b/t drug and sensitized cells
Tolerance	decreased physiologic or therapeutic response to a drug after repeated drug administration; necessitates an increase in drug dosage to maintain given therapeutic effect
Addiction	condition of drug abuse/dependence that is characterized by compulsive drug behavior
Dependence	condition of reliance on use of particular drug, characterized as physical and/or psychological dependence
Cumulation	condition in which the body cannot excrete one dose of a drug before the next dose is administered resulting in increasing levels of the drug in the body; toxicity can result
Iatrogenic	unintentional drug effect or disease induced by a physician’s prescribed therapy
Idiosyncratic	drug effect unique to an individual that is totally unexpected
Drug interactions	occurs when the effects of one drug are modified by the prior or concurrent administration of another drug; can be beneficial or detrimental.
Incompatibility	usually refers to physical alterations of drugs that occur before administration when different drugs are mixed in the same syringe or container (cloudy)
Additive	when combined effect of two drugs, each producing the same biological response by the same mechanism of action, is equal to the sum of their individual effects (1+1=2)
Summative	when combined effect of two drugs each producing the same biological response by different MOA, is equal to the sum of their individual effects
Synergism	when combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects (1+1=3)
Antagonism	when combined effect of two drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects (1+1=0)
Polypharmacy	the indiscriminate use of numerous meds concurrently
Contraindications	situations or conditions when a certain drug should not be administered
Dose	exact amount of drug that is administered in order to produce a specific effect
Lethal dose	dose that causes death
Loading dose	first dose given, higher than subsequent doses to elevate blood level rapidly to achieve therapeutic drug concentrations
Maintenance dose	dose required to maintain drug blood levels in therapeutic range
Maximum dose	largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired effect
Minimum dose	smallest amount of drug that will produce a therapeutic effect
Toxic dose	does that will produce harmful effects
Usual dose	dose that is generally appropriate for the patient
Absorption	entrance of a drug into the bloodstream from its site of administration
Drug distribution	passage of a drug from the blood to the tissues and organs of the body
Enzyme induction	increase in the amount of drug-metabolizing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs
ED50	effective dose 50, or dose that will produce an effect that is half of the maximal response
Indication	illness disorder for which a drug has documented usefulness
Individual variation	difference in the effects of drugs and drug dosages from one person to another
LD50	lethal dose 50; or dose that will kill 50 percent of animals tested
Mechanism of action	explanation of how a drug produces its effects

Created by: mbtrimm on 2011-09-17

Correct box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:

Pass complete!

Pharmacology: U1

Unit 1 terms/data