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A&P chp 1, 2
Quiz 9/13/11
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What is physiology? | The science of body functions and how the body parts work |
What is anatomy? | The science of body structure and the relationships among them as revealed by dissection |
What are the levels of structural organization in the human body? | 1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. System level 6. Organismal level |
What is inspection? (noninvasive diagnostic technique) | Observation |
What is palpation? (noninvasive diagnostic technique) | Feeling surface of the body |
What is auscultation? (noninvasive diagnostic technique) | Listening |
What is percussion? (noninvasive diagnostic technique) | Tapping on the body listening for echoing |
What are the 6 characteristics of the living human organism? (most important life processes) | 1. Metabolism 2. Responsiveness 3. Movement 4. Growth 5. Differentiation 6. Reproduction |
What is metabolism? (characteristic of living human organism) | the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body catabolism - the breakdown of complex chemicals into simpler components anabolism - the building up of complex chemical substances from simpler components |
What is responsiveness? (characteristic of living human organism) | The body's ability to detect and respond to changes |
What is movement? (characteristic of living human organism) | Motion of the whole body, including individual organs, cells and tiny structures inside cells |
What is growth? (characteristic of living human organism) | The increase in body size |
What is differentiation? (characteristic of living human organism) | The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state |
What is reproduction? (characteristic of living human organism) | the formation of new cells or the production of a new individual |
What is homeostasis? | A condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's regulatory processes *First described by French physiologists, 1813-1878 **Process named by Walter Cannon, 1871-1945 |
What is intracellular fluid (ICF)? | The fluid within cells |
What is extracellular (ECF)? | The fluid outside cells; the fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues is known as interstitial fluid |
What is a feedback system (feedback loop)? | The cycle of the body monitoring, evaluating, and reevaluating itself |
What are the components of a feedback loop? | 1. Receptor 2. Control Center 3. Effector |
What is a receptor? (components of feedback system) | Monitors changes in a controlled condition |
What is a control center? (components of feedback system) | Determines next action |
What is an effector? (components of feedback system) | Receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect |
What does a negative feedback system do? | Reverses a change in a controlled condition |
What does a positive feedback system do? | Strengthen or reinforces a change in a controlled condition |
What are the homeostatic imbalances? | 1. Disorder 2. Disease |
What is a disorder? (homeostatic imbalances) | Any abnormality of structure or function |
What is a disease? (homeostatic imbalances) | A specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms |
What is anatomical position? (definition and body placement) | standardized method of observing the body; body facing forward with palms up |
What are the principal regional names? | 1. Head 2. Neck 3. Trunk 4. Upper limbs 5. Lower limbs |
What are chemical elements? | Limited amount of building blocks that make up all forms of matter |
What is a chemical symbol? | One or two letters of the element's name in English, Latin, or another language |
What make up the elements of the body? | 26 elements are present in the body; just four constitute about 96% - oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen (major elements) |
What is an atom? | The smallest unit of matter |
What are the main subatomic particles? | 1. Protons 2. Neutrons 3. Electrons |
What are electron shells? | Orbitals that surround the nucleus with a designated amount of electrons within each orbital |
What is the atomic number of an element? | Number of protons |
What is the mass number of an element? | Sum of its protons and neutrons |
What are isotopes? | Atoms of an element that have different number of neutrons, therefore different mass numbers |
What is the atomic mass of an element? | How much it weighs |
What is an ion? | An atom with a positive or negative charge because it has unequal number of protons and electrons |
What is a molecule? | When two or more atoms share electrons |
What is a compound? | Substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements |
What is a valence shell? | The outermost shell of an atom and the number of electrons within it to make it likely to combine with another chemical bond |
What is the octet rule? | The principle that only 8 electrons can share an outer valence shell |
What are ionic bonds? | The outermost shell of an atom and the number of electrons within it to make it likely to combine with another chemical bond |
What are cations? | Positively charged ions |
What are anions? | Negatively charged ions |
What is an electrolyte? | An ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions |
What is a covalent bond? | When two or more atoms share electrons rather than gain or loose them |
What is a single covalent bond? | When two atoms share one pair of electrons |
What is a double covalent bond? | When two atoms share two pairs of electrons |
What is a triple covalent bond? | When two atoms share three pairs of electrons |
What are nonpolar covalent bonds? | When the attraction of electrons between two similar atoms are equal |
What are polar covalent bonds? | When the attraction of electrons are unequal ie: carbon and oxygen (greater electronegativity) atoms |
What is electronegativity? | The power to attract electrons to itself |
How is a hydrogen bond formed? | When hydrogen that is partial positive attracts to a partial negative charged atom |
What is surface tension? | The measurement of difficulty to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |