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DAT ch 3
bio- genetics from coursesaver notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| TRUE/FALSE Genes on the same chromosome will stay together unless crossing over occurs | true |
| Dihybrid Cross punnet square for TTPP and TtPp | the four on top would be (TP TP TP TP) and on the side would be (TP Tp tP tp) |
| Incomplete Dominance | progeny phenotypes that are blends of parental phenotypes. Classic example is color in snapdragons (dominant red crossed with recessive white produce PINK) |
| Codominance | multiple dominant alleles; ex BLOOD ( o = ii, A = IAIA or IAi, AB = IAIB) |
| Sex-Linked Recessive | gene carried on X chromosome; ex hemophilia & color blindness |
| epistasis | occurs when one gene masks or modifies the expression of an other gene |
| Pleiotrophy | – single gene effects several phenotypic characteristics |
| Mutations | in somatic cells => tumors, in gametes => transmitted to offspring; insertion, deletion, substitution; ex sickle-cell anemia |
| Pyrimidines | CUT the PY; 1 ring *Because G is triple bonded to C, higher G/C content more stable *Nucleotides are H-bonded |
| Redundancy/ Degeneracy | genetic code synonyms, multiple codons for same AA |
| nucleoside | sugar+base |
| Protein Synthesis | Replication => Transcription => Translation. DNA synthesis occurs during S-phase. |
| Ribosomes are assembled by | the nucleolus. |
| Replication of DNA | => DNA synthesized in 5’=>3’; |
| Helicase, primase | helicase unwinds double helix and an RNA polymerase called, primase begins replication |
| Transcription | DNA => RNA (nucleus), mRNA has inverted complementary code, ex 5’ TCTTT 3’ mRNA would be 3’ AGAAA 5’ **principal site of the regulation of gene expression |
| Translation | RNA => Protein (cytoplasm); mRNA translated to AA |
| exons | nucleotide base sequences that are transcribed into mRNA proteins |
| Introns | are removed during transcription; (exons = don’t exit) |
| mRNA | carries complement of DNA from nucleus to ribosomes, least abundant RNA |
| tRNA | brings AA to ribosomes during synthesis, recognizes AA and codons; in cytoplasm; smallest form of RNA |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA; most abundant form of RNA |
| Ribosomes | two subunits; three binding sites: 1 for mRNA, 3 for tRNA |
| PCR technique | makes multiple DNA copies in vitro |
| X-Ray diffraction | most accurate way to discover molecular structures. |
| Polypeptide sequence | initiation (AUG), elongation, termination (UGA UAG UAA) |
| Gene Regulation | transcription enables prokaryotes to control metabolism |
| Inducible system | require inducer for transcription |
| RNA polymerase binds to promoter | structural genes transcribed |
| Repressor binds to operator | structural genes NOT transcribed |
| Inducer binds to repressor | no binding to operator => genes transcribed |
| Repressible system | constant state of transcription unless corepressor- repressor complex present to inhibit |
| Bacteriophage | virus that infects host bacterium; attachment/ adsorption => penetration/ eclipse=> lytic or lysogenic |
| Lytic virus | phage DNA takes control of bacterium/ makes numerous progeny; bacterial cell bursts (lyses) releasing virons; these types of bacteriophage are called virulent; ALL HOST cells destroyed = evolutionary disadvantage |
| Lysogenic virus | becomes integrated into genome in harmless way (provirus/prophage); cleverness is that every time the host reproduces itself the prophage is reproduced too |
| Techoic acids | used for recognition and binding sites by bacterial viruses that cause infections |
Created by:
xeenie
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