Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Micro ch13 nc
Micro ch 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mutualism | both cells benefit ex. cows, termites, lichen |
| commensalism | one cell benefits and one is unaffected ex. barnacles |
| parasitism | one benefits at the expense of the other |
| infection | pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defense, enter tissues, and multiply colonization of organism--w/ or w/out disease |
| disease | any deviation from health |
| infectious disease | disruption of a tissue or organ caused by a microbe or their products |
| normal microbiota | called normal flora microorganisms normally present in and on the body |
| ratio of microbes (bacteria) on the body verse cells of the body | 10:1 ; body cells about 10 trillion...bacteria cells about 100 trillion |
| external normal flora | skin and eyes |
| internal normal flora | nose, mouth, intestinal tract (most), vagina, urethra |
| why does the human body provide a favorable habitat for microorganisms? | constant source of nourishment and moisture, relatively stable pH and temperature, and extensive surfaces |
| T/F Microorganisms are always present on the body. | True |
| types of normal microbiota | resident microbes, transient microbes, opportunists |
| resident microbes | each site has particular populations benefit the human host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes generally stable but can fluctuate with age, heath, diet, hormones, and drug treatment |
| transient microbes | do not normally reside, just passing through |
| opportunists | cause disease when given the opportunity breakdown of immunity certain medical treatments implantation of devices |
| T/F A host with a compromised immune system could be harmed by their own normal flora. | True |
| endogenous infections | caused by biota that are already present in the body can also occur when normal flora is introduced to a site that was previously sterile ex. E. coli enters bladder |
| the event that first exposes infants to microbes | breaking of the fetal membranes; microbes from the mother's vagina can enter the womb |
| within 8 to 12 hours after birth the infant is has what type of contact with bacteria? | typically has been colonized by bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, and lactobacilli these are acquired from its mother |
| lactobacilli | acquired when bottle fed |
| coliforms | acquired from not washing hands after using the bathroom |
| bifidobacteria | acquired from breastmilk has a higher level of immunity |
| T/F All babies will eventually acquire bifidobacteria even if they are not breastfed. | False |
| impact of normal flora | prevents pathogens from entering the body provide some nutrition to the host can improve host nutrition (make healthier) immune stimulation can have negative impacts |
| what type of nutrition do coliforms give? | folic acid and vitamin K |
| pathogen | a microbe that can cause disease is a susceptible individual |
| T/F once a pathogen enters your body you will always get a disease | False |
| virulence | the degree of ability of a microbe to cause disease in another organism |
| what determines virulence? | how it establishes itself in the host cause damage |
| communicable | the ability of a disease-causing organism to be spread between individuals |
| contagious | highly communicable |
| virulence factors | microbial components that contribute to the ability to cause disease in a susceptible host |
| T/F Staphylococci has a higher virulence than any other gram positive cocci. | True |
| true pathogens | capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses |
| opportunistic pathogens | disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they become established in a part of the body that is not neutral to them do not possess well-developed virulence properties |
| stages in infection | finding a portal of entry attaching firmly surviving host defenses causing damage (disease) exiting host |
| portal of entry | cutaneous or membranous ; usually some regions of body that support normal flora majority pathogens have adapted to specific portal of entry, provides for further growth & spread makes growth restrictive if enter "wrong" portal |
| Attaching to host | specific; particular pathogen is limited to only those cells to which it can bind bacterial, fungal, and protozoal pathogens attach by fimbriae, surface protiens, and adhesive slimes or capsules viruses attach by specialized receptors |
| surviving host defenses | avoiding phagocytosis; avoiding death inside phagocyte; absence of specific immunity |
| most common portal way for common cold | eye |
| mechanisms of transmission | direct: contact, droplet, vertical, vector indirect: fomites; food, water, biological products; air |
| horizontal | disease is spread through population from one infected individual to another |
| vertical | transmission from parent to offspring via the ovum, sperm, placenta, or milk |
| contact | contact between skin mucous membranes of the infected person and health host touching, kissing, sexual intercourse |
| droplet | droplets sprayed directly upon a person during sneezing and coughing even though space has to be in some presence of each other |
| vertical transmission | prenatal--across placenta perinatal--during or shortly after birth |
| T/F if a pregnant woman has herpes see will have to have a C-section. | True; it can be transmitted as fetus passes the birth canal |
| T/F Most STDs are transmitted directly. | True |
| fomites | inanimate objects that harbor and transmit pathogens doorknobs, telephones, push buttons, faucets, money |
| vehicles | inanimate objects commonly used by humans that can transmit infectious agents transmission of a pathogen via a medium: soil, water, food, air droplets |
| air droplets | the indoor air can serve as an important medium for the suspension and dispersal of certain respiratory pathogens via droplet nuclei and aerosols |
| droplet nuclei | dried microscopic residues created when microscopic pellets of mucus and saliva are ejected from the mouth and nose sneezing, coughing, and other vocalizations |
| aerosols | suspensions of fine dust or moisture particles in the air that contain live pathogens |
| vectors | a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another majority are arthropods--fleas, mosquitoes, flies, and ticks larger animals: mammals, birds, and lizards |
| biological vectors | actively participates in pathogens life cycle vector is infected pathogens internal ex. mosquito |
| mechanical vector | not necessarily part of life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transport it without being infected external body parts become contaminated passive carriers pathogens external ex. house fly |
| carriers | an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without any notice may or may not have experienced disease due to the microbes |
| asymptomatic carriers | healthy; infected, show no symptoms ex. gonorrhea and genital warts |
| incubating carrier | spread infectious agent during incubation period toward end of becoming contagious ex. AIDS patients can spread virus for years before their first symptoms appear |
| chronic carriers | individuals who shelter infectious agent for long period of time after recover because latency of the infectious agent ex. TB, hepatitis, herpes |
| convalescent carriers | continue to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others have disease, getting better, still contagious ex. diphtheria |
| passive carriers | medical personnel can be avoided by proper hand washing, handling contaminated materials, and aseptic technique |
| animal reservoirs | zoonoses infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans transports without being infected |
| progression of infection | looks the growth curve for microorganisms incubation period, prodromal, period of invasion, convalescence, recovery |
| incubation period | time from initial contact w/infect to appearance of the first symptoms no signs or symptoms of disease can range from several hrs to several days |
| prodromal | short period; earliest notable symptoms of infection appear as a vague feeling of discomfort head and muscle aches, fatigue, upset stomach, and general malaise |
| period of invasion | multiplies at high levels, exhibits its great toxicity, and becomes well established in its taget cell marked by fever length of period is extremely variable |
| convalescence | symptoms decline |
| recovery | strength and health gradually return owing to the healing nature of immune response |
| signs | physically see or measure objective |
| symptoms | different for every individual subjective |
| syndrome | when a disease can be identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms |
| virulence factors | exotoxins and endotoxins |
| exotoxins | soluble and secreted into host tissues highly specific and powerful ex. severe symptoms of tetanus and botulism |
| endotoxins | part of cell wall and are releases into host tissues--sometimes in large quantities produced by gram negative bacteria produced by dying bacteria |
| localized infection | microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue ex boils, fungal skin infections, warts |
| systemic infection | infection spreads to several sites and tissues fluids (bloodstream) |
| acute disease | symptoms develop rapidly and run their course quickly |
| chronic disease | symptoms develop slowly and disease is slow to disappear ex. COPD |
| latent disease | symptoms appear, disappear, and reappear long after infection ex. lupus, MS |
| local infection | confined to a small region of the body ex. boils |
| systemic infection | spread throughout the body, often by traveling through blood and lymph |
| primary infection | an initial infection in a previously healthy person |
| secondary infection | follows a primary infection, especially in individuals weakened by the primary infection when an initial, primary infection, is complicated by another infection caused by a different microbe, the second infection is termed the secondary infection |
| portals of exit | need not be the same as entry some are natural; others due to breaches in host how pathogens exit is important to spread of disease--tells how you can spread the disease released from the body through secretion, excretion, discharge, or sloughed tissue |
| epidemiology | study of occurrence of disease when, where, and how it is transmitted |
| epidemiologist | person who studies diseases collects clues on the causative agent, pathology, source and modes of transmission, and tracks the numbers and distribution of cases of diseases in the community |
| epidemic | sudden acute disease outbreak affecting many people happens very quickly |
| pandemic | a worldwide epidemic ex, flu |
| endemic | chronic occurrence in a geographical region |
| sporadic | random small outbreaks lysteria-comes from food; shipped to different states |
| sources of information | public record, questionaires, surveys, and hospital records |
| notifiable diseases | reportable diseases local agencies report to state and CDC |
| incidence rate | measure of the number of new cases within a certain time period indicates both the rate and risk of infection |
| prevalence rate | total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population |
| types of studies | descriptive surveillance field and hospital |
| descriptive epidemiology | general information about a disease incidence, prevalence, and death rates ex. geographical distribution of malaria |
| surveillance | tracks epidemics monitor potential epidemic situations, follow progress, assist in prevention ex. tracking hepatitis incidence rates |
| field and hospital | investigate source and spread of disease outbreaks |
| field epidemiology | investigate work gather information interpret the data to find probable source |
| hospital epidemiology | nosocomial infections acquired by immunocompromised patients, invasive medical procedures, development of antibiotic resistance |
| morbidity | infectious dose ID50 is the number of cells required to cause infection in 50% of subjects |
| mortality | lethal dose LD50 is the number of cells required to cause death in 50% of the subjects |
| how do you find out what agent caused the infection? | Koch's Postulate |
Created by:
marosado10
Popular Biology sets