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VPHY 141 1st lect
VPHY 141 1st lect Chapter 1
Question | Answer |
---|---|
To provide contractility of the cell (Cytoskeletal protein) | Microfilaments |
Long thinnest among the cytoskeletal proteins | Microfilaments |
Cytoskeletal protein important for mitosis | Microtubule |
Most stable component of the cytoplasm | Intermediate filaments |
Responsible for the placement of the organelles in cytoplasm | Intermediate filaments |
Important for the movement of organelles (Cytoskeletal protein) | Microtubule |
Cell protein molecules that are round in shape | Globular proteins |
Example of globular proteins in cells | Enzymes |
Conjugated protein of albumins | glycoprotein |
Conjugated protein of globulin | lipoprotein |
Conjugated protein of protamines | Nucleoproteins |
Conjugated protein of prolamines | Chromoproteins |
Conjugated protein of histones | Metalloproteins |
Conjugated protein of albuminoids | Phosphoproteins |
Constitute 2% of the inner cell mass | Lipids |
Integral part of the cell membrane | Lipids |
Molecules which provide nutrition to the cell | Carbohydrates |
Comprise 1% of the inner cell mass | Carbohydrates |
Stored form of carbohydrates | glycogen |
Where is glycogen stored | Liver and skeletal muscles |
Largest single organelle in the cell | Nucleus |
Controls different activities inside the cell | Nucleus |
Double membrane enveloping the nucleus separated by perinuclear space and interrupted by nuclear pores | Nuclear membrane or Nuclear envelope |
Soluble form of nuclear material not occupied by nucleolus or chromatin | Nucleoplasm |
RNA containing body in the nucleolus | Nucleolus |
Range of number of nucleolus | 1-4 |
Site of RNA synthesis | Nucleolus |
Produces rRNA which are packaged with proteins to form ribosomes | Nucleolus |
Gaps in the nuclear membrane that allow transport of targeted proteins into the nucleus and transport of mRNA out of the nucleus | Nuclear pore |
Carries DNA in animals | Chromatin |
Chromatin occurs in pairs except in? | Germ cells |
Condensed chromatin, metabolically active | Heterochromatin |
Dispersed chromatin, replicating | Euchromatin |
Intertwine the chromatin | Histones |
Formed by he inner membrane of mitochondria | Cristae |
Site of Krebs or TCA cycle, cellular respiration | Mitochondria |
Part of mitochondria dense with DNA, large phosphate granules and ribosomes | Mitochondrial matrix |
Smaller ribosomes? Mitochondrial or Cytoplasmic? | Mitochondrial |
Contains the enzymes for the Kreb Cycle and beta oxidation of fats | Mitochondrial matrix |
Has own DNA and reproduce independently | Mitochondrial matrix |
Contains the enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation | Inner membrane of Mitochondria |
Contains electron carriers for the electron-transport system | Inner membrane of Mitochondria |
Needed to synthesize ATP during cellular respiration | F1 factor or ATP Synthase |
Suicide bag | Lysosomes |
Size of Lysosomes? | 0.2 to 0.5 micrometer |
Responsible for digesting the food vacuoles of degenrating organelles of the cell | Lysosomes |
Single-membrane-bound organelle with a high content of hydrolytic enzymes | Lysosomes |
How may acid hydrolases in lysosomes? | 40 |
pH where lysosomes function best | ph 3.5-5 |
Maintain acidity | Proton pumping |
Protects the cell from the lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes | Lysosomal membrane |
Where is new lysosomes synthesized? | Golgi Apparatus |
Digest lipids | Lipase |
Degenerating organelle cell (Engulfed by lysosomal enzyme) | Autophagic vacuole |
Bacteria or foregin substances (Engulfed by lysosomal enzyme) | Phagocytic vacuole |
Other Functions of Lysosomes: | 1-7 4DBSK |
A small membrane-boung vesicle containing oxidative enzymes | Peroxisomes |
Oxidative enzymes of peroxisomes are involved in? | Beta oxidation of fats Production of hydrogen peroxide |
Peroximal Oxidative Enzymes? | Catalase Urase Oxidase D-amino oxidase (CUD) |
Storage vesicles containing secretory substances formed by the ER-Golgi Apparatus System | Secretory vesicles |
A complex series of tubules in the cytoplasm of the cell | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Site of protein synthesis for extracellular use (Hormones) | Granular ER |
Continuous with the outer nuclear membrane | Granular ER |
Site for lipid synthesis (Steroid and cell membrane phospholipids) | Agranular ER |
Site for processing of synthesized proteins | Agranular ER |
Site for detoxification of foreign substances | Agranular ER |
Ribosomes = % RNA + % Protein | 65% RNA 35% Protein |
Occurs freely in the cytoplasm | Free ribosomes |
Site of protein synthesis for intracellular use (Non-secretory and non-membranous proteins) | Free ribosomes |
Synthesizes proteins for extracellular use (Hormones and Integral membrane proteins) | Bound proteins |
Membrane enclosed sacs of Golgi apparatus | Cisterns |
Forming phase of GA | Cis face |
Face when transport vesicles are formed from ER | Cis face |
Maturing phase of GA | Trans face |
Face when secretory granules are formed | Trans face |
System of fibers that support or provides framework of the cell | Cytoskeleton |
Diameter of microtubule | 25 nm |
Diameter of Intermediate filament | 10 nm |
Diameter of microfilaments | 8 nm |
A long hollow structure made up of alpha and beta tubulin sub units | Microtubules |
Arrangement of microtubules in cilia and flagella | doublet |
Arrangement of microtubules in centrioles and basal bodies | Triplet |
Functions of Microtubules | 6 Functions Cris squared Monching square Pogi at Tan |
Produces microtubule sliding; causes microtubule to bend | Dynein |
Structure near the nucleus | Centrosome |
Serves as site for microtubule production | Centrosome |
Consists of a pair of centrioles and amorphous pericentriolar material | Centrosome |
Short cylinders located near the nucleus, arranged at right angles to one another | Centrioles |
1 bundle of microtubule = ? microtubules | 3 microtubules |
1 centriole = ? bandles of microtubules | 9 bandles of microtubules |
1 centrosome = ? centrioles | 2 centrioles |
1 centriole = ? microtubules | 27 microtubules |
1 centrosome = ? microtubules | 54 microtubules |
Long projections in apical surfaces of cells that transport materials along the surface of the cells | Cilia |
Types of Cilia | Kinocilia Stereocilia |
Cytoskeletal structure important for connecting the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane | Intermediate Filaments |
Intermediate Filament Protein in epithelium | Keratin I, II |
Intermediate Filament Protein in mesenchymal cells | Vimentin |
Intermediate Filament Protein in muscles | Desmin |
Intermediate Filament Protein in glial cells, strocytes | Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proteins (GFAP) |
Intermediate Filament Protein in peripheral nerves | Neurofilamental proteins |
Intermediate Filament Protein in all cells | Lamin proteins (A, B, C) |
Intermediate Filament Protein in Neuronal stem cells | Nestin |
Functions of Intermediate Filaments | PA (Personal assist) 1. P- Provides mechanical strength on tissues (Bears tension) 2. Anchoring cytoplasmic organelles |
Makes up microfilaments | actin and myosin |
Participates in cytoskinesis | Microfilaments |
Contractile component of muscles | Microfilaments |
Functions in the formation of filopodium for movement of fibroblasts | Microfilaments |
Finger-like projection found at the apex of intestinal epithelial cells | Microvilli |
Components of cell membrane | CHO, Pro, lipids |
% Pro, % Lip, % CHO = Cell membrane | 55%, 42%, 3% |
5 Major Phospholipid group | Phosphatidylcholine Sphingomyelin Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylinositol |
Phospholipid group located at the outer part of the cell membrane | Phosphotidylcholine Sphingomyelins |
Phospholipid group located at the inner part of the cell membrane | Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidylethanolamin Phosphatidylserine |
Most common sterol in the cell membrane | Cholesterol |
Intercalates among the membrane phospholipids for the maintenance of fluidity of the cell membrane | Cholesterol |
Sugar containing lipids | Glycolipids |
Glycolipids located intracellularly or extracellularly? | Extra |
Example of glycolipids | Cerebrosides, gangliosides |
Why is cholesterol important in the maintenance of fluidity? | Cholesterol among the membrane prevents solidification of phospholipids during low temps; increase in unsaturation since unsaturated fats have low melting points than saturated fats |
Catalyze transverse movement in the cell membrane | Flippases |
CHO-containing layer on the surface of eukaryotic cells | Cell Coat |
More extensive cell coat found on special surfaces such as the brush border of the intestinal epithelial cell | Glycocalyx |
Component of the cell membrane responsible for the functional behavior | Membrane proteins |
Membrane protein associated with the cytoplasm | Peripheral protein (Extrinsic Protein) |
Membrane protein penetrating through the plasma membrane | Integral protein (Intrinsic Protein) |
Membrane protein usually form a coiled alpha-helix structure that spans the cell membrane | Integral Protein |
Proportionate reduction in ECF and ICF volume | Simple water deficit |
Will always cause a reduction in ECF volume | NaCl deficit |