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Geologyblarg
Geology.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When magma crystallizes, _________ are formed. | intrusive igneous rocks |
| The geotherm is the rate of change of ____________. | Temperature with depth in Earth's interior |
| Volatiles refer to substances that _____________. | have a tendency to evaporate and are stable as gases |
| Coarse-grained granite is most similar in mineral composition to fine-grained ____________. | rhyolite |
| Coarse grained diorite is most similar in mineral composition to fine-grained _________. | andesite |
| Lithified detritus (breakdown products of preexisting rocks) forms which kind of sedimentary rock? | Clastic |
| Physical precipitation of gypsum due to evaporation of seawater produces which kind of sedimentary rock? | chemical |
| If water is the transport medium of sediment, the grain size of sedimentary deposits most closely indicates the __________. | velocity of the water at the moment the sediment settled to the bottom |
| It is unusual for __________ to carry grains larger than sand. | wind |
| The difference between breccia and conglomerate is that conglomerate _________________. | possesses more rounded grains than breccia |
| A fine-grained clastic rock that splits into thin sheets is _________. | Shale |
| A buried body of shale is subjected to differential stress at temperatures greater than 200 degrees Celsius, causing clay minerals to grow in preferred orientation and producing slate. This is an example of ______________. | metamorphism |
| Metamorphism may be induced by ____________. | Contact with a hot pluton, contact with hot ground water, and/or heat and pressure associated with deep burial. |
| Spreading peanut butter on bread is an application of _________. | shear stress |
| Salty cleavage, schistosity, and compositional banding are all examples of ____________. | foliation |
| Two common metamorphic rocks that typically lack foliation are _______ and _______. | Quarzite and marble |
| The protolith subjected to metamorphism comes from what rock classification? | Any classification. |
| The mineral assemblage within a metamorphic rock is ____________. | dependent on both the mineral content and the protolith and the temperature and pressure of formation |
| Metamorphism, in broadest terms, involves ____________. | changes in mineralogy and texture in response to heat and stress. |
| If, during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed _______ if the fault is steep (closer to vertical than horizontal). | reverse |
| Faulting and earthquakes are examples of ______________ behavior. | brittle |
| Which type of earthquake wave travels fastest? | P-wave |
| Which earthquake severity scale measures the amplitude of deflection of a seismograph pen, standardized to an idealized distance of 100 km between the epicenter and seismograph? | Richter scale |
| Earthquakes are likely to occur along ___________. | all major types of plate boundaries |
| A tsunami is ___________________. | An earthquake-generated sea wave. |
| An earthquake with magnitude 8.0 releases _______________ the energy of an earthquake with magnitude 4.0. | ten thousand times |
| The greatest earthquake ever recorded by seismograph equipment measured ______ on the moment-magnitude scale and had an epicenter off the coast of _______________. | 9.5; Chile |
| True or false? Motion along all faults is either strike-slip or dipj-slip; combinations of these two types of displacement are never found together in a single fault. | False |
| The balance between the weight of a mountain range and the bouyancy provided by the underlying mantle is termed ___________________. | isostatic equilibrium |
| Regions where Precambrian metamorphic rocks are exposed at the surface are termed _____________. | shields. |
| On a geologic map, if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a bull's eye pattern of concentric circles, with the youngest unit in the center, the underlying structure is a(n) _________________. | basin |
| Relatives ages expressed on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ____________. | fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks |
| Two atoms of a single element that differ in number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct ___________ of that element. | isotopes |
| If the numerical ages of two formations are known, then the relative age of each with respect to one another can be inferred. True or False? | True |
| If the relative age of two formations (with respect to one another) is known, then the numerical ages for each formation can be inferred. True or false? | False |
| The principal difference between a debris flow and a mudflow is ____________. | the grain size of the moving mass. |
| The principal difference between a lahar and a mudflow is _________. | that the former mass contains pyroclastic debris from a volcanic eruption |
| The principal difference between a debris flow and a debris slide is ________________. | that the former mass contains abundant water whereas the latter is dry |
| The principal difference between a debris slide and a debris avalanche is __________. | the grain size of the moving mass |
| Which type of mass movement is likely to move most rapidly? | rock slide |
| Which of the following factors DECREASES the risk of mass movement? | adding vegetation to the side of a hill |
| Which has a greater capacity, a small mountain stream or the mississippi river? | the Mississippi River |
| Ultimately, the base level of a stream valley can be no lower than __________. | sea level |
| All else being equal, water will flow faster in a stream with ___________. | a straight channel |
| The shallowest portion of the ocean is found along the margins of continents in regions termed _______________. | continental shelves |
| Which trench includes the world's deepest sea floor? | Mariana Trench |
| Rip currents flow ________. | directly away from the shoreline |
| When the sea level rises, the ocean may invade a river valley, producing a nearshore body of water of mixed and variable salinity termed a(n) ______________. | estuary |
| The strongest winds within a hurricane are found in the _______________. | eye wall |
| Due to the Coriolis effect, surface currents in the oceans are always pulled to the ____________ in the northern hemisphere as compared to the prevailing wind direction. | right |
| The majority of Earth's liquid freshwater exists in ___________. | Pores within rock and sediment |
| Material through which water readily flows is term _______________. | permeable |
| Rock or sediment with water filled-pores, wherein upward percolation is blocked by an overlying, impermeable layer, is termed a(n) ___________. | confined aquifer |
| Permeable rock or sediment between the water table and the land surface represents a(n) _____________. | unsaturated zone |
| The rate of groundwater flow through a body of rock or sediment depends ______________. | on the slope of the water table and the permeability or sediment |
| Hard water results from relatively high concentrations of dissolved ____________. | calcium and magnesium |
| The elevation of the water table ______________. | may rise during rainy periods and sink during droughts |
| Any place where groundwater naturally flows outward at the surface of Earth is termed a _________. | spring |
| Water flowing from the hot springs ____________. | contains more dissolved minerals than water flowing from cool springs |
| Land subsidence is likely whenever ______________. | groundwater is used nonrenewably from aquifers composed of sediemt |
| Bioremediation of contaminated groundwater involves ____________. | pumping oxygen and nutrients into a contaminant plume to help local bacteria metabolize the plume |
| To qualify as a desert, a region must be ____________. | arid, with less than 15% of the ground surface vegetated |
| Desert climate associated with a rain shadow is found _________. | on the leeward (inward) side of coastal mountain ranges |
| Deserts in coastal regions are most likely to be found where the currents are __________. | cold |
| The Gobi of Mongolia is a desert primarily because it is located _________. | near the center of a large continent |
| As compared to humid climates, rates of chemical weathering in deserts are ___________. | much slower |
| The iron oxides and mangaese oxides that produce desert varnish on the exterior surfaces of rocks are derived from ions __________. | in the interiors of rocks, which are transported outward by the capillary action of water |
| In most deserts, the scarcity of rainfall means that most of the physical weathering and erosion is accomplished by the wind. True or false? | False |
| Ice is a substance with a high albedo, which means it _________. | reflects most of the light that falls on it |
| The current interglacial interval began a little more than _________ years ago. | 10,000 |
Created by:
Rayechalar