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Ch. 25 Patho
Ch. 25 Endocrine Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two categories of endocrine problems? | An excessive amount of hormones and a defecit of a hormone. |
| What can cause an excess amount of hormones? | Tumor produces high levels, Excretion by liver or kidney is impaired, and a congenital condition produces excess hormone |
| What can cause a defecit of a hormone? | Tumor produces too little hormone, Inadequate tissue receptors present, Antagonistic hormone production is increased, Malnutrition, Atrophy, surgical removal of gland, and congenital defects |
| Diagnostic used for Endocrine Disorders | Blood tests, Urine tests, Stimulation or Suppression tests, Scans, Ultrasounds, and MRI's. |
| Treatment for a hormone defecit is? | Replacement Therapy |
| Treatment for an excess amount of a hormone is? | Medications, Surgery, and Radiation |
| Diabetes Mellitus basic problem is? | Inadequate insulin effects in receptor tissues. |
| Diabetes Mellitus is caused by? | Deficit of insulin secretion, Production of insulin antagonists |
| Diabetes results in? | Abnormal carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. |
| Type 1 Diabetes is caused by? | An autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas. |
| Type 1 Diabetes is found more commonly in? | Children and Adolescents |
| Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes requires? | Insulin replacement |
| Type 1 Diabetes is? | Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus |
| Type 2 Diabetes is? | Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus |
| Type 2 Diabetes is caused by? | A decrease effectiveness of insulin, a relative defecit of insulin, decrease insulin production from beta cells, increased resistance to insulin and increased production of glucose |
| Type 2 Diabetes is found more commonly in? | Elders, and obese people. |
| Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes requires? | Oral hypoglycemic medication |
| General Manifestations of Diabetes include | Polyphagia, Polydipsia, Polyuria, Glucosuria, and Hyperglycemia |
| Insulin defecit results in? | Decreased transportation and use of glucose in many cells of the body |
| Polyuria | An abnormally large volume of urine excreted |
| Polydipsia | Dehydration |
| Polyphagia | Increased appetite from a lack of nutrients that enter the cells and stimulate your appetite |
| Diabetes Diagnostic Tests include? | Fasting blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance tests, Glycosylated hemoglobin test |
| The most important way to treat Diabetes is? | To maintain normal blood glucose levels in order to minimize the complications |
| The three ways to control blood glucose are? | Diet and excersize, Oral medication, and insulin replacement |
| Diet and Excersize results in? | Reduced blood glucose as skeletal muscles use glucose |
| Oral Medication results in? | Increase insulin secretion, and reduced blood glucose levels |
| Insulin replacement results in? | Increased amount of insulin that meets the required amount the body needs |
| The metabolic changes of Type 1 Diabetes are? | Catabolism of fats and proteins, Ketonuria, and decompensated metabolic acidosis |
| Catabolism of fats and proteins causes? | Excessive amounts of fatty acids and metabolites, and ketones in the blood |
| Ketonuria causes? | Decreased serum bicarbonate; decrease in pH of body fluids |
| Complications of Diabetes are related to? | The duration and extent of abnormal blood glucose levels |
| The factors lead to fluctuations in serum glucose levels are? | Variations in diet and alcohol use, change in physical activit, infection and vomitting |
| Acute complications include? | Hypoglycemia, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic coma |
| Hypoglycemia is? | Insuling Shock |
| Hypoglycemia is more common with? | Insulin replacement therapy |
| Hypoglycemia occurs when? | There is an excess amount of insulin in circulation |
| Hypoglycemia can be caused by? | A glucose defecit in the blood, strenuous excersize, a dosage error, vomitting, and skipping a meal after taking insulin |
| Signs and Symptoms for Hypoglycemia include? | Disorientation and change in behavior May appear impaired Anxiety or decreased responsiveness Decreased blood glucose Decreased BP, increased heart rate Decreasing level of consciousness |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis results from? | An insufficient amount of insulin the blood which leads to high blood glucose levels and mobilization of lipids |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis is more commonly found in? | Insulin-Dependent clients |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis can be caused by? | Infection or stress, an error in dosage, infection, change in diet, alcohol intake, or exercise |
| Signs and Symptoms for Diabetic Ketoacidosis include? | Dehyrdration Metabolic Acidosis Electrolyte Imbalances Rapid - Deep respirations Acetone breath ( sweet and fruity) |
| Dehydration | Thirst, dry, rough oral mucosa Warm, dry skin |
| Rapid, deep respiration – acetone breath | Lethargy and decreased respoviness |
| Metabolic acidosis | May lead to a loss of consciousness |
| Electrolyte Imbalances | Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting; lethargy, weakness |
| Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Coma (HHNC) results in? | Severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances |
| HHNC is more commonly found in? | Type 2 diabetics and elders |
| Signs and Symptoms for HHNC include? | Hyperglycemia, Severe Dehydration, and Electrolyte Imbalances |
| Electrolyte imbalances result in? | Neurologic deficits Muscle weakness Difficulties with speech Abnormal reflexes |
| Chronic complications include? | Vascular problems, Microangiopathy, Macroangiopathy, Peripheral neuropathy, Infections, Cataracts, and Pregnancy |
| Vascular problems inlcude? | Increased risk of atherosclerosis, and changes in small and large arteries |
| Microangiopathy | Changes in microcirculation due to an obstruction or rupture of small capillaries and arteries |
| Microangiopathy leads to? | Tissue necrosis and loss of function Neuropathy and loss of sensation Retinopathy – leading cause of blindness Chronic renal failure – degeneration in glomeruli of kidney |
| Macroangiopathy | Affects large arteries |
| Macroangiopathy leads to? | High incidence of heart attacks, strokes, peripheral vascular disease May result in ulcers on feet and legs – slow healing Frequent infections and gangrenous ulcers Amputation may be necessary. |
| Peripheral neuropathy is? | Common complication due to ischemia in microcirculation to peripheral nerves |
| Peripheral neuropathy leads to? | Impaired sensation, numbness, tingling, weakness, muscle wasting |
| Infections include | Infections in feet and legs due to vascular and neurologic impairment Fungal infections Urinary tract infections Dental caries Gingivitis and periodontitis |
| Ways to control type 2 diabetes are? | Diet containing an increased amount of fiber and a reduction of lipids and simple carbohydrates Regular exercise to reduce glucose levels Reduce insulin resistance by reducing BMI to normal range. Monitoring blood glucose levels |
| Ways to control type 2 diabetes are? | Medications to stimulate the beta cells Proper administration of insulin Routine Follow up |
| Hypoparathyroidism is caused by? | Tumor Congenital lack of parathyroid Surgery or radiation in neck region Autoimmune disease |
| Hypoparathyroidism leads to? | Hypocalcemia |
| Hypocalcemia causes? | Weak cardiac muscle contractions Increased excitability of nerves Spontaneous contractions of skeletal muscle |
| Hyperparathyroidism is caused by? | Tumor Secondary to renal failure Paraneoplastic syndrome |
| Hyperparathyroidism leads to? | Hypercalcemia |
| Hypercalcemia causes? | Forceful cardiac contractions Osteoporosis Predisposition to kidney stones |
| What is the most common cause for pituitary disorders? | Benign Adenomas |
| The two different effects are? | The effect of the mass The effect on hormone secretion |
| The effect of the mass may cause? | Pressure in the skull causing Headaches, seizures, drowsiness, visual deficits |
| The effect on hormone secretion may cause? | An excessive or decreased release of hormones |
| Dwarfism | Deficit in growth hormone production/release |
| Gigantism | Excess GH prior to puberty and fusion of epiphysis |
| Acromegaly | Excess GH secretion in adults Often associated with adenoma Bones become broader and heavier |
| Diabetes Insipidus | Defecit of ADH and may orignate in the neurohypophysis |
| Inappropriate ADH syndrome | Excess ADH and may be temporary |
| Diabetes Insipidus results from? | Head injury or surgery Possible genetic problem |
| What kind of treatment is required for Diabetes Insipidus? | Replacement Therapy |
| Inappropriate ADH syndrome results from? | Stress Ecess secretion from a tumor |
| What kind of treatment is required for Inappropriate ADH syndrome? | Diuretics and Sodium supplements |
| Thyroid disorders include | Goiter, Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism |
| Goiter | Enlargement of thyroid gland |
| What are the three different types of goiters? | Endemic goiter, Goitrogens and Toxic goiters |
| Endemic Goiter | Hypothyroid condition in regions with low iodine levels in soil and food |
| Goitrogens | Foods that contain elements to block synthesis of T3 and T4 |
| Toxic Goiters | Results from hyperactivity of thyroid gland |
| Hyperthyroidism is? | Graves Disease and is related to an autoimmune factor |
| Signs and Symptoms for hyperthroidism are? | Hypermetabolism Increased body temperature Sweating Soft silky hair and skin Reduced BMI Insomnia Hyperactivity Toxic Goiter Exophthalmos |
| Exophtalmos is? | Presence of protruding, staring eyes, decreased blink and eye movement Result of increased tissue mass in the orbit May result in visual impairment |
| Different types of hypothyroidism include? | Hashimoto thyroiditis Myxedema Cretinism |
| Cretinism | Results in short stature and severe cognitive deficits Untreated congenital hypothyroidism May be related to iodine deficiency during pregnancy |
| Signs and Symptoms for Hypothyroidism are? | Intolerance to cold Increased BMI Lethargy and fatigue Decreased appetite Myxedema in severe untreated hypothyroidism |
| Myxedema | Non-pitting edema in face, thickened tongue |
| Myexedema Coma | Results in hypotension, hypoglycemia, hypothermia and is life threatening |
| An Adrenal Medulla disorder is? | Pheochromocytoma |
| Pheochromocytoma is? | A benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and possibly other substances |
| Signs of pheochromocytoma are? | Headache, heart palpations, sweating, intermittent or constant anxiety |
| An Adrenal Cortex disorder is? | Cushings Syndrome and Addisons Disease |
| Cushings syndrome is caused by? | An excessive level of glucocorticoids |
| An excessive level of glucocorticoids results from? | Adrenal adenoma Pituitary adenoma Ectopic carcinoma Iatrogenic conditions Substance abuse |
| What changes occur with cushings syndrome? | Round face with ruddy color Truncal obesity with fat pad between scapulae Thin limbs Thin hair Fragile skin |
| Cushings Syndrome causes? | Retention of sodium and water Suppression of the immune response Stimulation of erythrocyte production Emotional lability and euphoria Increased catabolism of bone and protein Delayed healing Increased insulin resistance |
| Addisons Disease is? | A deficiency of adrenocorticoid secretions from an autoimmune reaction causing the gland to be destroyed by hemmorage or infection |
| Signs and Symptoms for Addisons Disease include? | Decreased blood glucose levels Inadequate stress response Fatigue Weight loss; frequent infections Low serum sodium concentration |
Created by:
cdanella
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