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LECT 1 &2
Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two views of life? | Mechanistic and vitalist |
| What does mechanistic mean? | It can be explained by physical and chemical processes |
| What does vitalist mean? | There is a vital force explaining the phenamona |
| How do cells communicate with each other? | Via chemical messengers that go to receptors on the target cell |
| What, then, tells the cell what to do? | Chemical events occuring as a result of the binding onto the receptor. |
| What are the three steps of cell recognition? | 1) reception, 2) transduction 3) Response |
| Where is the receptor located? | budding from the cytoplasm |
| Where does signal transduction occur? | In cytoplasm |
| What is homeostasis? | Stable conditions of internal environment |
| What is an example of homeostasis? | Maintaining internal temperature |
| What the two systems that help in homeostasis? | Negative and positive feedback |
| What is negative feedback? | A change in regulated variable causes a response to move the variable in the OPPOSITE direction |
| What does the stimulus lead to? | A decreased reaction |
| What is positive feedback? | Disturbance causes a chain of events to increase the perturbation |
| What does this stiumulus lead to? | An increase in reaction product |
| Which, negative or positive feedback, favors stability? | negative feedback |
| What is an example of positive feedback? | Blood clotting |
| What is an example of reflex? | Remove hand when something hot is touched |
| What are the components of a homeostatic system? | Reflexes, homeostatic responses, intercellular chemical messegers, eicosanoids |
| What is a reflex? | Unlearned biolgical control linking stmulus with response and mediated by a reflx arc |
| What is an example of a reflex? | Removing hand when something hot is touched |
| What is an acquired reflex? Give an example? | An act learned by repetition; an example would be what race car drivers do, gymnists...etc. |
| What are the components of a reflex arc? | Stimulus applied, receptor detects stimulus, afferent pathway (to brain), integration center receives signal, goes down efferently via a different pathway to get a certain response |
| What is the different pathway referred to in the reflex ac? | For example, it can go to skeletal muscles to make a movement or it can go to cardiac muscles to increase heardbeat |
| Note figures 1.3 & 1.5-1.6 | Note figures 1.3 & 1.5-1.6 |
| What two important features of a homeostatic response must be noted? | 1) Initiated bya stimuli 2) There si a local vs. global response |
| Give an example of a local vs. global response | A small cut vs. shivering when it is cold out. |
| Note tables 1-2 and 1-3 | HOMEOSTASIS AND HOMEOSTATIC REFLEX |
| CHEMICAL MESSENGERS | CHEMICAL MESSENGERS |
| What are the four types of intercellular chemical messengers? | Neurotrasnmitters, hormones, paracrine agents, and autocrine agents |
| NOTE FIGURE 1-7 | NOTE FIGURE 1-7 |
| EICOSANOIDS | EICOSANOIDS |
| How are eicosanoids formed? | 1. From polyunsaturated fat of arachidonic acid |
| Give an example of an eiconsanoid. | Prostaglandins |
| What are the effects of eicosanoids? | A variety of effects, including blood clotting, smooth muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and reproductive function |
| NOTE FIGURE 5-12 | messenger of eiconsanoids description |
| What are some processes related to homeostasis? | Acclimatization, adaptation, biological rhythms, aging, and apoptosis, |
| ACCLIMATIZATION | ACCLIMATIZATION |
| What is acclimatization? Give an example | Improvement due to environment with no change in genetic endowment, like when people in texas who aren't in air conditioned places all the time typically sweat more and sooner on a hot day than people living in minnesota; texans are acclimatized to heat |
| BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS | BIO RHYTHMS |
| SEE figure 1-8 | see fig. 1-8 |
| How often does the circardian rhythms cycle? | One in a day |
| What is said to be the pacemaker for the circardian rhythm? | The hypothalamus |
| Can rhythms change? Why | Yes, it is called entrainment, often the result of environmental cues |
| What is a phase shift? | Resetting of biological clocks as in jet lag when changing time zones |
| How do heart attacks and asthma relate to biological rhythms? | They tend to occur at specific times of day, like heart attacks occur in the morning, asthma at night |
| AGING | AGING |
| What are the effects of aging? | Loss of ability to maintain homeostasis, there are a decreased number of cells in body because less cells divide and more cells die |
| Is aging a disease? | No |
| What are possible causes of aging? | Senescence, cumulative damage to macromolecules |
| APOPTOSIS | APOPTOSIS |
| What is apoptosis? | Programmed cell death |
| When is apoptosis most important? | In embryonic development |
| Why is it important? | It destroys damaged cells in body |
| How is apoptosis trigerred? | Severe insult to a cell` |
| How does apoptosis work? | Cell membrane remains intact so that its contents are not dispersed |
| LECTURE 2 | CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BODY |
| What are atoms? | Units of matter that form all chemical substances |
| What are the three components of an atom and where are they located? | Protons (nucleus), Neutrons (nucleus), and Electrons (in electron cloud) |
| What is the net charge of an atom?What is the net charge of an atom? | There is no net charge (0) |
| Which of the three components of an atom are usually equal? | protons and electrons |
| How many elements are need for normal physiological function? | 24 |
| What makes up most of the elements in the human body? | Hydrogen (63), Oxygen (26), carbon (9), and nitrogen (1) |
| SEE TABLE 2-1 | SEE TABLE 2-1; VERY IMPORTANT |
| What are molecules? | Two or more atoms bonded together |
| What are the two types of bonds? | Covalent and ionic |
| What are covalent bonds? | Equal sharing bonds, due to mingling of electron clouds |
| What are ionic bonds? | Having one atom overtake the charge of the other; unequal sharing |
| What are ions? | Having gained or lost an electron |
| What are examples of cations? | Sodium, potasium, calcium and magnesium |
| What are exmaples of an anion? | Chloride, suphate, phosphate |
| What is a covalent non-polar bond? | Charge distributed equally in bonds |
| What are covalent polar bonds? | Unequally distributed charge, especially when you have N, O, S |
| What is an ionized group? | Result of a covalent polar bond |
| What can molecules be divided into? Which three categories? | Polar, nonpolar, and amphipathic |
| Which interaction would be most polar? | Most ionic |
| Which would be most non-polar? | Most covalent |
| Which would be amphipathic? | Both |
| What are hydrogen bonds? | When hydrogen interacts with nitrongen or oxygen |
| Our body is mostly composed of polar or non-polar substances? Explain. | Our body is mostly non-polar substances because otherwise, it would all dissolve into the water. We have to have stuff that isn't dissolved, like our lungs, blood..etc. |
| What is a micelle? | Clumps, the result of mixing polar and non-polar stuff |
| What is the structure of amphipathic molecules? | Like the phospholipid bilayer, they have polar heads they expose to water and hydrophobic, non-polar covalent tails they hide from the water |
| As the concentration of H+ gets larger, what happens to the solution? | The PH gets smaller, becoming acidic |
| What are organic molecules? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| CARBOHYDRATES | CARBOHYDRATES |
| What are carbohydrages? | Sugars and starch |
| What is the composition of carbs? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (water) |
| What is their function? | Provide energy for when we need it NOW |
| What percentage of our body weight is carbs? | Only one percent |
| What is an example of monosaccharide? (Polar or non-polar) | Glucose, which is polar |
| LIPIDS | LIPIDS |
| What are lipids? | Oils and fats |
| What elements are lipids made of? | Hydrogen, and carbon, linked by covalent bond |
| What percent of our body are they? | 40% |
| Can they dissolve in water? | NO!!! Immescible |
| What are the four subclasses of lipids? | Fatty acids, tricylglycerides, phospholipids, and sterioids |
| What are Fatty acids? | Long chains of carbon atoms |
| What are saturated fatty acids? | NO double bonds, animal fat |
| What are unsaturated fatty acids? | vegetable fat, double bonded |
| What are the majority of lipids in our body? | Triacyglycerides |
| How how phospholipids do we have in our body? | Not very much |
| what class of polarity do phospholipids fall under? | Amphipathic |
| STEROIDS | STERIOIDS |
| What do steroids look like? | Four interconnected rings of carbon atoms |
| What are examples of steroids? | Cholestrol, estrogen, progestrone, htestrostrone |
| PROTEINS | PROTEINS |
| What is the main function of proteins? | They tell the body what to do; get their energy from fats |
| What are proteins composed of? | A chain of amino acids |
| What are amino acids made of? | Contain a carboxyl group and amino group and side chain |
| Must side chains match the polarity of the rest of the amino acid? | No. It can be polar, non-polar, or ionized |
| What percentage of our body are proteins? | 50% |
| Are proteins big? | Yes, they're macromolecules |
| Explain the relationship between proteins and amino acids wrt ALL LIVING ORGANISMS | They all have the same number of amino acids |
| How are the amino acids in proteins linked together? | By peptide bonds |
| What structurally about proteins is essential to normal function? | Their folding |
| What will dictate protein folding? | (blank) |
| NUCLEIC ACIDS | Nucleic acids |
| What are nucleic acids responsible for? | Storage expression and trasnmission of genetic info |
| What is DNA? | Tells us what proteins to make |
| RNA is what? | Helps us MAKE the proteins; it decodes DNA's info into a sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain |
| What makes up DNA and RNA? | Nucleotides |
| What are the three components of a nucleic acid? | Phosphate group, sugar (ring), and a base |
| What is the base? | A ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms than can accept hydrogen ions |
| How are nucleic acids formed? | Phosphate group of one nucleotide is linked to sugar of adjacent nucleotide to form a chain |
| What does DNA contain that RNA doesn't? | The five-carbon sugar deoxyribose |
| How many nucleotides make up DNA? | Four different ones |
| Why are there four? | B/c there are four different bases that are linked to deoxyribose |
| What are the four bases in DNA? | Purine, pyrimidine |
| What are the purine bases? | Double rings of nitroggen and carbon atoms: A and G |
| Pyrimidine bases? | Single ring of nitrogen and carbon atoms: C ,T |
| What is the double helix? | Two chains of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases |
| Why can the DNA binding actually keep the molecules held tightly in the shape of the double helix? | There are MANY hydrogen bonds, which make the connection tight |
| What is the pairing of the bases in DNA? | A with T and C with G |
| how does RNA differ from DNA? What is the new pairing? | Single chain of nucleotides, sugar is ribose, thymine of DNA changes with Uracil, where A binds with U (not T) |
| What is feedforward regulation? | Anticipates changes in homeostasis in order to accept change to maintain global good homeostasis |
| What is the general name of the CHEMICAL component needed to break down bonds/stuff? What about when we make new stuff? | Hydrolysis; dehydration reactions |
| What are the chemicals of proteins? | Carbon, hydrogen Oxygen, nitrogen |
| What are the chemicals of nucleic acids? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| Are carbs soluble in water? Why or why not? | Yes, because of the hydroxyl groups present in them |
Created by:
talkglitter2486