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CIT132 Ch 8 NWOS
CIT132 Chapter 8 - NW Operating System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3-tier architecture | A client/server environment that uses middleware to translate requests between the client and server. |
| account | A record of a user that contains all of her properties, including rights to resources, password, user name, and so on. |
| Active Directory | The method for organizing and managing objects associated with the network in the Windows Server 2003 and Server 2008 NOSs. |
| Administrator | A user account that has unlimited privileges to resources and objects managed by a server or domain. The Administrator account is created during NOS installation. |
| AIX | A proprietary implementation of the UNIX system distributed by IBM. |
| asymmetric multiprocessing | A multiprocessing method that assigns each subtask to a specific processor. |
| attribute | A variable property associated with a network object. For example, a restriction on the time of day a user can log on is an attribute associated with that user object. |
| branch | A part of the organizational structure of an operating system’s directory that contains objects or other organizational units. |
| BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) | A UNIX distribution that originated at the University of California at Berkeley. The BSD suffix differentiates these distributions from AT&T distributions. No longer being developed at Berkeley, the last public release of BSD UNIX was version 4.4. |
| child domain | A domain established within another domain in a Windows Server 2003 or Server 2008 domain tree. |
| CIFS (Common Internet File System) | A file access protocol. CIFS runs over TCP/IP and is the standard file access protocol used by Windows operating systems. |
| class | A type of object recognized by an NOS directory and defined in an NOS schema. Printers and users are examples of object classes. |
| CN (common name) | In LDAP naming conventions, the name of an object. |
| command interpreter | A program (usually text-based) that accepts and executes system programs and applications on behalf of users. Often, it includes the ability to execute a series of instructions that are stored in a file. |
| DC (domain component) | In LDAP naming conventions, the name of any one of the domains to which an object belongs. |
| directory | In general, a listing that organizes resources and correlates them with their properties. In the context of NOSs, a method for organizing and managing objects. |
| distinguished name | See DN. |
| distribution | The term used to refer to the different implementations of a particular UNIX or Linux system. For example, different distributions of Linux include Fedora, SUSE, and Ubuntu. |
| DN (distinguished name) | A long form of an object’s name in Active Directory that explicitly indicates the object name, plus the names of its containers and domains. |
| domain | A group of users, servers, and other resources that share account and security policies through a Windows Server 2003 or Server 2008 NOS. |
| domain controller | A Windows Server 2003 or Server 2008 computer that contains a replica of the Active Directory database. |
| domain model | In Microsoft terminology, the type of client/server network that relies on domains, rather than workgroups. |
| domain tree | A group of hierarchically arranged domains that share a common namespace in the Windows Server 2003 or Server 2008 Active Directory. |
| explicit one-way trust | A type of trust relationship in which two domains that belong to different NOS directory trees are configured to trust each other. |
| ext3 | The name of the primary file system used in most Linux distributions. |
| Fedora | A version of Linux packaged and distributed by Red Hat. |
| file access protocol | A protocol that enables one system to access files on another system. |
| file globbing | A form of filename substitution, similar to the use of wildcards in Windows and DOS. |
| file system | An operating system’s method of organizing, managing, and accessing its files through logical structures and software routines. |
| flavor | See distribution. |
| forest | In the context of Windows Server 2003 or Server 2008, a collection of domain trees that use different namespaces. A forest allows for trust relationships to be established between trees. |
| freely distributable software | See open source software. |
| globally unique identifier | See GUID. |
| GNU | The name given to the public software project to implement a complete, free source code implementation of UNIX. |
| graphical user interface | See GUI. |
| group | A means of collectively managing users’ permissions and restrictions applied to shared resources. Groups form the basis for resource and account management for every type of NOS. . |
| GUI (graphical user interface) | A pictorial representation of computer functions and elements that, in the case of NOSs, enables administrators to more easily manage files, users, groups, security, printers, and other issues. |
| GUID (globally unique identifier) | A 128-bit number generated and assigned to an object upon its creation in Active Directory. Network applications and services use an object’s GUID to communicate with it. |
| hierarchical file system | The organization of files and directories (or folders) on a disk in which directories may contain files and other directories. When displayed graphically, this organization resembles a treelike structure. |
| inherited | A type of permission, or right, that is passed down from one group (the parent) to a group within that group (the child). |
| inode (information node) | A UNIX or Linux file system information storage area that holds all details about a file. This information includes the size, the access rights, the date and time of creation, and a pointer to the actual contents of the file. |
| kernel | The core of a UNIX or Linux system. This part of the operating system is loaded and run when you turn on your computer. It mediates between user programs and the computer hardware. |
| kernel module | A portion of the kernel that you can load and unload to add or remove functionality on a running UNIX or Linux system. |
| LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) | A standard protocol for accessing network directories. |
| leaf object | An object in an operating system’s directory, such as a printer or user, that does not contain other objects. |
| Lightweight Directory Access Protocol | See LDAP. |
| line printer daemon | See lpd. |
| Linux | A freely distributable implementation of a UNIX-type of system. Finnish computer scientist Linus Torvalds originally developed it. |
| lpd (line printer daemon) | A UNIX service responsible for printing files placed in the printer queue by the lpr command. |
| lpr | A UNIX command that places files in the printer queue. The files are subsequently printed with lpd, the print service. |
| Mac OS X Server | A proprietary NOS from Apple Computer that is based on a version of UNIX. |
| man pages (manual pages) | The online documentation for any variety of the UNIX operating system. This documentation describes the use of the commands and the programming interface. |
| map | The action of associating a disk, directory, or device with a drive letter. |
| member server | A type of server on a Windows Server 2003 or Server 2008 network that does not hold directory information and, therefore, cannot authenticate users. |
| Microsoft Management Console | See MMC. |
| middleware | The software that sits between the client and server in a 3-tier architecture. |
| MMC (Microsoft Management Console) | A customizable, graphical network management interface introduced with Windows Server 2003 and incorporated in Window Server 2008’s Server Manager. |
| mount | The process of making a disk partition available. |
| multiprocessing | The technique of splitting tasks among multiple processors to expedite the completion of any single instruction. |
| multitasking | The ability of a processor to perform multiple activities in a brief period of time (often seeming simultaneous to the user). |
| namespace | The complete database of hierarchical names (including host and domain names) used to resolve IP addresses with their hosts. |
| Network File System | See NFS. |
| NFS (Network File System) | A popular remote file system created by Sun Microsystems, and available for UNIX and Linux operating systems. |
| NTFS (New Technology File System) | A file system developed by Microsoft and used with its Windows NT, Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003, and Windows 2008 operating systems. |
| object | A representation of a thing or person associated with the network that belongs in the NOS directory. Objects include users, printers, groups, computers, data files, and applications. |
| object class | See class. |
| open source software | The term used to describe software that is distributed with few restrictions and whose source code is freely available. |
| OU (organizational unit) | A logical receptacle for holding objects with similar characteristics or privileges in an NOS directory. Containers form the branches of the directory tree. |
| page file | A file on the hard drive that is used for virtual memory. |
| paging | The process of moving blocks of information, called pages, between RAM and into a page file on disk. |
| partition | An area of a computer’s hard drive that is logically defined and acts as a separate disk drive. |
| per seat | In the context of applications, a licensing mode that limits access to an application to specific users or workstations. |
| per user | A licensing mode that allows a fixed quantity of clients to use one software package simultaneously. |
| physical memory | The RAM chips installed on the computer’s system board that provide dedicated memory to that computer. |
| pipe | A character that enables you to combine existing commands to form new commands. The pipe symbol is the vertical bar (|). |
| pipeline | A series of two or more commands in which the output of prior commands is sent to the input of subsequent commands. |
| PowerPC | The brand of computer central processing unit invented by Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola, Inc., and used in IBM servers. |
| preemptive multitasking | In preemptive multitasking, one program uses the processor for a certain period of time, then is suspended to allow another program to use the processor. |
| printer queue | A logical representation of a networked printer’s functionality. To use a printer, clients must have access to the printer queue. |
| process | A routine of sequential instructions that runs until it has achieved its goal. For example, a spreadsheet program is a process. |
| proprietary UNIX | Any implementation of UNIX for which the source code is either unavailable or available only by purchasing a licensed copy from Novell (costing as much as millions of dollars). |
| RDN (relative distinguished name) | An attribute of an object that identifies the object separately from its related container(s) and domain. For most objects, the relative distinguished name is the same as its common name (CN) in the distinguished name convention. |
| redirector | A service that runs on a client workstation and determines whether the client’s request should be handled by the client or the server. |
| relative distinguished name | See RDN. |
| replication | The process of copying Active Directory data to multiple domain controllers. This ensures redundancy so that in case one of the domain controllers fails, clients can still log on to the network, be authenticated, and access resources. |
| role | In Microsoft terminology, the primary purpose of a Windows Server 2008 server. |
| root | A highly privileged user ID that has all rights to create, delete, modify, move, read, write, or execute files on a UNIX or Linux system. |
| root domain | In Windows Server 2003 or Server 2008 networking, the single domain from which child domains branch out in a domain tree. |
| Samba | An open source software package that provides complete Windows-style file- and printer-sharing capabilities. |
| schema | The description of object types, or classes, and their required and optional attributes that are stored in an NOS’s directory. |
| Server Manager | A GUI tool provided with Windows Server 2008 that enables network administrators to manage server roles, features, resources, and users from a single interface. |
| Server Message Block | See SMB. |
| shell | Another term for the UNIX command interpreter. |
| site license | A type of software license that, for a fixed price, allows any number of users in one location to legally access a program. |
| SMB (Server Message Block) | A protocol for communications and resource access between systems, such as clients and servers. SMB originated at IBM and then was adopted and further developed by Microsoft for use on its Windows operating systems. |
| Solaris | A proprietary implementation of the UNIX operating system by Sun Microsystems. |
| source code | The computer instructions written in a programming language that is readable by humans. Source code must be translated into a form that is executable by the machine, typically called binary code (for the sequence of zeros and ones) or target code. |
| SPARC | The brand of computer central processing unit invented by and used in Sun Microsystems servers. |
| symmetric multiprocessing | A method of multiprocessing that splits all operations equally among two or more processors. |
| System V | The proprietary version of UNIX that comes from Bell Labs. |
| The Open Group | A nonprofit industry association that owns the UNIX trademark. |
| thread | A well-defined, self-contained subset of a process. Using threads within a process enables a program to efficiently perform related, multiple, simultaneous activities. Threads are also used to enable processes to use multiple processors on SMP systems. |
| time-sharing | See preemptive multitasking. |
| tree | A logical representation of multiple, hierarchical levels in a directory. It is called a tree because the whole structure shares a common starting point (the root), and from that point extends branches |
| trust relationship | The relationship between two domains on a Windows Server 2003 or Server 2008 network that allows a domain controller from one domain to authenticate users from the other domain. |
| two-way transitive trust | The security relationship between domains in the same domain tree in which one domain grants every other domain in the tree access to its resources and, in turn, that domain can access other domains’ resources. |
| UNIX | A client or server operating system originally developed by researchers at AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969. UNIX is a proprietary operating system, but similar operating systems, such as Linux, are freely distributable. |
| UPN (user principal name) | The preferred Active Directory naming convention for objects when used in informal situations. This name looks like a familiar Internet address, including the positioning of the domain name after the @ sign. |
| UPN (user principal name) suffix | The portion of a universal principal name (in Active Directory’s naming conventions) that follows the @ sign. |
| virtual memory | The memory that is logically carved out of space on the hard drive and added to physical memory (RAM). |
| virtualization | The capability for operating multiple logical servers |
| workgroup | In Microsoft terminology, a group of interconnected computers that share each others’ resources without relying on a central file server. |
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