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Kinesiology Practice
KH Exam !
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Types Of Joints | Synarthrodial Amphiarthrodial Diarthrodial |
| Synarthrodial Joint | Essentially no movement and has fibrous sutures; sutures of skull |
| Amphiarthrosis Joint | Small amount of movement and is cartilaginous; symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs |
| Diarthrodial Joint | Freely moveable joint and has joint; articular cartilage gets nutrients from synovial fluid; 2 articular bones; has joint cavity; Example: Hip,knee,shoulder,elbow |
| Uniaxial Joint | One Axis; 1DF; Hinge for flex/ext;elbow and knee; Pivot for rotation in transverse plane; Axis C1 & C2, proximal radial/ulna jt |
| Biaxial Joint | Two Axis; 2DF; Condyloid flex/ext (Wrist) allows some abd/add (MP jts) radia/ulnar dev; Saddle joint concave surface meeting metacarpal of thumb flex/ext;abd/add ex. Thumb CMC |
| Triaxial Joint | multiaxial joint; 3DF motion occurs in all three axes; joint allows more motion; the ball and socket joint; 3 degrees of freedom; hip/shoulder IR/ER/flex/ext/add/abd |
| Saggital Plane | Passes through the body from front to back and divides the body into right and left parts. Motions of this plane are flexion and extension. Axis Frontal |
| Frontal (coronal) Plane | Passes through body from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts. Motions of this plane are abd/add, radial/ulnar deviation, and eversion/inversion. |
| Transverse (horizontal plane)Plane | Passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts. Motionsin this plane are medial/lateral rotation, supination/pronation, right/left rotation, and horizontal abd/ad. Axis Vertical/Longitundinal |
| Saggital Axis | runs through a joint from front to back. This is on the frontal plane. |
| Frontal Axis | runs through a joint from side to side. This is on the saggital plane. |
| Vertical/Longitudinal Axis | The point that runs through a joint from top to bottom. This is on the transverse plane. |
| Joint Movement | The axis is always perpendicular to the plane. Occurs in a plane and around an axis. |
| One Degree of Freedom | Uniaxial Joint; Motion around one plane and one axis; Elbow Joint (saggital plane) |
| Two Degrees of Freedom | Biaxial Joints; Motion around two planes; Wrist (sagittal and frontal planes) |
| Three Degrees of Freedom | Triaxial Joints; Hip joint moves in all 3 planes. |
| Lever | Rigid bar that can rotate about a fixed when point when a force is applied to overcome resistance. |
| Axis | a fixed point at which movement of a lever occurs. |
| Force | in the human body, this is usually muscular. |
| Resistance | in human motion, this includes the force opposing the movement of the lever. |
| Open Kinetic Chain | Distal segment moves freely; Example: 15 knee kicks, running, cybex, free weights |
| Closed Kinetic Chain | Distal segment moves fixed; Example: push ups, lunges, squats, crutch walking, pushing a wheelchair, bench press, stair stepper |
| Osteokinematics | Movement of the bone. This can be measured. Example: Flexion at the shoulder. |
| Arthorkinematics | Movement of the joint. This cannot be measured. This is usually found between joints. |
| Accessory(Ancillary)Motion | Normal inherent movement of a joint that cannot be reproduced voluntarily. It gives rise to 3D of freedom. Ex. You cannot physically rotate the knee on your own, the tibia has to rotate. |
| Rolling | This is where different parts of one bone touches different points of another. Occur for normal joint function. Ex. A ball rolling across the floor. |
| Gliding (Sliding) | Same point of one bone touches different points on another. |
| Spinning | Motion that occurs along the longitudinal axis of a bone. |
| Rule of Convex on Concave | When a convex bone moves on a concave bone you will get rolling and gliding in the opposite directions[(Humerus(convex)/glenoid(concave)]. |
| Closed Pack Position | The position is locked in. Maximum tension and maximum congruence of joint surfaces. End of Range. |
| Open (Loose) Pack Position | The position has increased joint play, decreased congruency and joint capsule is on slack. The ligaments are not taut. |
| Types of Bones | Long bone Short bone Flat bone Irregular bone Sesamoid bone |
| Long Bone | length more than width (and tubular) ex. femur |
| Short bone | dimensions large surface articulates with more than one bone example: carpals and tarsals |
| Flat bone | broad and thin. examples: scapula, sternum, cranial bones (frontal, parietal) |
| Irregular | Same composite as flat bone. Example: Vertebra, sacrum, coccyx, mandible, facial bones |
| Sesmoid | a bone that forms within a tendon; example: patella and base of big toe |
| Structure of bone | Diaphysis Epiphysis Metaphysis Endosteum Periosteum |
| Diaphysis | shaft of long bone. |
| Epiphysis | ends of bone. |
| Metaphysis | lies between diaphysis and epiphysis. Functions to support the epiphysis. |
| Endosteum | lines medulary canal, responsible for resorption contains the osteoclast that break down bone tissue. |
| Periosteum | covering of the bone; very sensitive and provides a route for circulation (vascular) and nerve supply. Active in bone growth and repair |
| Types of Muscle (Parallel-fibered muscles) | Strap Muscles Fusiform Muscles Rhomboidal Muscles Triangular Muscles |
| Types of Muscle (Oblique-fibered muscles) | Unipennate muscles Bipennate muscles Multipennate muscles |
| Strap Muscles | long and thin with fibers. Example: rectus abdominus, sternocleidomastoid |
| Fusiform Muscles | Shaped like a spindle. Example: biceps |
| Rhomboidal Muscles | four-sided, usually flat, with broad attachments at each end. Example: rhomboids |
| Triangular Muscles | flat and fan shaped. Example: Pectoralis major |
| Bipennate Muscles | looks like a common feather. Example: rectus femoris (quad) |
| Unipennate Muscles | a series of short fibers. looks like one side of a feather. Example: tibialis posterior, semi membranous |
| Multipennate Muscles | many tendons with oblique fibers. Example: deltoid and subscapularis |
| Active Insufficiency | When a muscle reaches a point it cannot shorten any further. Refers to the agonist (the muscle that is contracting) |
| Passive Insufficiency | When a muscle reaches a point it cannot be elongated any more without damage to the muscle fibers. Example: You cannot touch toes. Refers to the antagonist |
| Types of Muscle Contraction | Isometric Isotonic Isokinetic |
| Isometric | means same length, muscle contraction without joint motion; no change in muscle length |
| Isotonic | muscle contraction with joint angle changes; change in muscle length. Example: Flexing and extending the knee. |
| Concentric contraction | isotonic contraction causing the muscle to shorten and the muscle attachments to move closer together. Moves against gravity. |
| Eccentric contraction | isotonic contraction causing the muscle to lenghten and the muscle attachments to move farther apart. Moves with gravity. |
| Isokinetic | muscle contraction at a fixed velocity (speed) of movement with accommodating resistance. Must have machine. |
| Agonist (Prime Mover) | A muscle or muscle group that causes the motion. In elbow flexion the agonist is the biceps muscle. |
| Antagonist | a muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist. This works against agonist.In elbow flextion the antagonist is the triceps muscle. |
| Cocontraction | when the agonist and the antagonist muscles work at the same time. Occurs when there is a need for accuracy. When a person learns a new task. Example: tight rope walking |
| Stabilizer (fixator) | a muscle or muscle group that supports a part, or makes firm, a part that allows the agonist to work more efficiently. Example: Abdominal muscles act to keep the trunk straight, while the arms move the trunk up and down. |
| Synergist | A muscle or muscle group that assists/works with another muscle to enhance a particular motion. |
| Neutralizer | A muscle or muscle group that contracts to prevent unwanted motion. Example: Pronater teres resist when only want flexion. |
| First class lever | axis between(A)is located between the force (F) and the resistance (R). Example: Playground seasaw, step up and step down Quad (F) and Weight (R)and (A) knee axis |
| Second class lever | axis (A) at one end, resistance (R)in the middle (R), and the force (F)at the other end. Example: ball of foot (A) and weight(R), insertion of achilles (F) Example: Letting a weight down in your hand |
| Third class lever | axis (A) at one end, force (F)in middle, and the resistance (R) at the other end. Example: Lifting a weight up your hand Elbow (A), biceps (F), weight (R) |
| Intrafusal fibers | Sensory Fiber. That detect the amount and rate of change of length in a muscle;detect stretch in the muscle spindle. Once the muscle has contracted the spindle stops sending the message, no longer feeling the stretch. |
| Extrafusal fibers | Motor Fiber. Skeletal muscle fibers that surround the intrafusal fibers. Contain actin and myosin for contraction. Innervated by efferent motor neurons. Generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. |
| Basal Ganglia | the grey matter in the cerebrum. Initiates learned movement. No conscious thought needed. Control rhythmic movement, i.e. golf swing |
| Cerebellum | modulates motor activity,does not initiate movement. controls equilibrium, has the ability to make adjustment to correct errors. |
| Sensory Neuron (Afferent) | dendrite brings messages to the cell body. Is always on the posterior side. Messages travel into the posterior horn. Conducts toward. |
| Motor Neuron (Efferent) | has a multipolar cell body and has many dendrites to receive info. Located on the anterior horn. Conducts away. |
| Muscle Spindle | Specialized fibers that contract to prevent overstretching. Triggers the stretch reflex. |
| Bucket Handle Motion | a change in medial-lateral chest diameter. refers to the ribs, bucket handle of rib cage, expand up and out and settle back down. |
| Pump Handle Motion | a change in anterior-posterior diameter of the chest. Occurs at the sternum. |
| Functions Intervertebral Disc | Absorb shock Transmit shock Maintain flexibility Provide 25% of spinal column height |
| Supraspinous Ligament | from C7 to sacrum. Also called ligamentum Nuchae in C1-C7. Example: whiplash injury |
| Intertransverse Ligament | Transverse process to transverse process. Connecting transverse process. |
| The Cervical Spine | Body is small oval, transverse process foramen for vertebral artery; laterally. |
| The Thoracic Spine | body diameter is intermediate, circle/heart shaped. Spinous process point downward, facets on body for rib articulation only. Transverse process for ribs. |
| The Lumbar Spine | Body is large, big, heavy bulky. No foramen or articulation. Thick, point posteriorly. |
| Fast Twitch | can sustain only short, anaerobic bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful |
| Slow Twitch | It can carry more oxygen and sustain aerobic activity. aerobic muscles |
| Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) | Relaxation to prolonged stretch. Help protect the tendon from excessive tension. (passive stretching that could cause rupture) Can be made to stretch by passive stretch. |
| Vertebral Joint Motions | Flexion/Extension/Hyperextension/Lateral bending/Rotation |
| White Matter | myelinated,main sensory area |
| Grey Matter | unmyelinated contains the nerve cell bodies and location of synapse |
| Pelvic Tilt | back pain, posterior tilt; anterior tilt lumbar angle decreases (pregnant and lean forward) |
| Pelvic Anterior Tilt | occurs when the pelvis tilts foward, moving the ASIS anterior to the pubic symphysis. |
| Pelvic Posterior Tilt | occurs when the pelvis tilts backward, moving the ASIS posterior to the pubic symphysis. |
| Robert Taylor Drinks Coffee Black | Roots Trunk Divisions Cords Branches |
| Syndesmosis | Small amount of twisting or stretching movement. |
| Synarthosis | bones united by a thin sheath of fibrous tissue. |
| Concave on Convex | Move in the same direction |
| Convex on Concave | Move in the opposite direction |
| Aponoeurosis and Fascia | broad tendinous sheath that may serve as an attachment for a muscle. |
| Hyaline Cartilage | avascular; aneural and it's found at ends of bone.Provides for smooth surface and distributes over a large area. |
| Fibrocartilage | Found in weight bearing joint and are good shock absorbers; |
| Functions of Skeletal System | gives support and shape to n site for blood manufacturing site for storage of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium Protects vital organs |
| Ligaments | connect bone to bone |
| tendons | connect muscle to bone |
| bursa | synovial membrane lined sac with fluid, reduces friction 2 surfaces |
| Closed Pack Postion of Joints | Elbow at 90 degrees (closed pack) Hip full extension and medial rotation (closed pack) Knee (full extension and lateral rotation of tibia) Glenohumeral (Abduction and lateral rotation) |
| Congruent | the joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other , are tightly compressed and are difficult to distract (separate) |
Created by:
qtpi1_02
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