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197-215
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do preschoolers in the preoperational stage view the world? | In black and white. Right and wrong. Good or bad. |
| During the preschool stage, _______is associate with weekly and seasonal events | time |
| What are some typical thoughts of a preschooler? | They believe magical thoughts. Wishes have the power to make things happen. White lies. |
| What are some typical fears of preschoolers? | Thunder, lightening, the dark, pain abandonment and monsters |
| By what age can a child carry on a conversation? | age 3 |
| What test is done when a 3 year old is not yet talking? | Possible hearing loss or other speech disturbances |
| What can a parent do to help a preschooler that is slow to verbalize? | Read. |
| What type of food source does the preschooler need at this age? | Protein, calcium and phosphorus |
| Are overweight infants more likely to become overweight later in life? | yes |
| How can a nurse help parents with healthy eating habits for their toddler? | Suggest that the parents model good eating behaviors, provide healthy food and encourage physical activity. |
| Preschoolers sleep how much? | 12 hours |
| Play style for the preschooler becomes ________ | cooperative |
| They begin to ____, take turns and ___________ | share and interact |
| Experiences with _________ ______are not uncommon in this age group | imaginary playmataes |
| When to preschooler begin to ride a bike with training wheels? | 4 or 5 |
| Riding a bike is a safety issue with preschoolers. This is a safety issue because their _______ and _______ is limited | judgment awareness |
| Should a parent pressure their child to participate in activities they do not enjoy? | No |
| It is important for parents and caregivers to space activities so that children are not ______ | overstressed by having too many lessons, practices and games. |
| What are some safety tips for preschool children? | Use proper eqpt. that fits well never leave child alone in pool check bike helmets for potential hazards use protective sunscreen |
| What else can a parent do to protect their child? | Instruct parents and caregivers to teach them their full names, address and phone number |
| In the event of an emergency the preschooler should know how to use the _______ | Phone |
| Preschoolers learn to function independently and ________ | explore. They love to play make believe. |
| Discipline should fit the wrong doing. | |
| A 2-year old mother states that her son's favorite word has been "no!" The nurse explains that Erikson developmental stage is: | Initiative vs guilt |
| Knowledge of child growth and development principles is essential when planning care of a pediatric patient. Therefore the nurse knows that punishment is most effective when... | It is a logical consequence of wrongdoing |
| In caring for pediatric patients, it is important for the nurse to understand that a sense of trust is developed... | in infancy. Eriksons trust vs mistrust |
| A new mother brings her 1-mo old to the doctor. Which of the following developing achievements is normal | He turns his head from side to side while on his abdomen |
| The nurse observes an infant holding her head erect in a sitting position, staring at an object when it is placed in her hand and putting it in her mouth, cooing when talked to, sustaining part of her own weight when held in a standing position. Her age? | 4 months |
| At 2 mos the baby can hold it's head erect while in a sitting position. True or False? | False. |
| The nurse knows that language and speech development is promoted by speaking to the 18 month old: | Clearly and simply |
| The nurse knows when caring for a 12 & 14 mo old a physiologic task unrealistic to achieve is: | the anal muscles and readiness for toilet training occurs at 2 years. |
| Can a 12 & 14 mos old manipulate building blocks? | Yes. |
| What should the nurse facilitate to promote readiness for toilet training for the toddler to wear? | Training pants |
| The nurse knows that toddlers often ingest or aspirate foreign bodies because they: | learn through exploring |
| A mother brought her 14 mo old to the doctors. She states she can't potty train him. What should the nurse suggest? | Encourage the mother to wait a few mos and try again. Potty training isn't perfected until 18-24 mos. Their anal sphincter isn't controlled yet. |
| The nurse knows that gross motor coordination is demonstrated by: | running. Gross motor is the large muscles. |
| The normal pulse rate for a 5 year old is | 90-100 for children 2-6 |
| The normal pulse rate for children over 10 years of age: | 76-90 |
| The normal pulse rate for an infant 1 month to 1 year | 110-140 |
| The normal pulse rate for a neonate birth - 1 year | 12-150 (160 per Ms. Gray) |
| The nurse knows that according to Erikson when a child engages in tasks in the real world (producing things) is a sign of: | Industry occurs 6-12 year olds. Industry vs inferiority. Learning to win recognition by producing things |
| The nurse knows that an important aspect of development during the middle childhood years is their ability to engage is: | Logical (not abstract, perceptual or preconceptual) 7-11 year olds |
| According to Piaget's stages of cognition, what is the best way to prepare an 8 yo for surgery? | Allow them to see and touch the operating room. They are concrete thinkers and need to touch to understand. For 7-11 year olds |
| Which of the following behaviors would the nurse expect to find in a 13 year old? | Predictability, seclusive and moody, accepting of parents ideals, moving from autonomy to dependency. SECLUSIVE AND MOODY |
| Eriksons stage for adolescent development is: | 12-18 are searching for their own identity. Identity vs role confusion |
| A mother brings her 10 month old to the nurse. The baby is only having breast milk. What does the nurse advise? | The baby needs solid food. Breastfeeding is fine until 6 mos. |
| The nurse would instruct a mother to introduce cereal at what age? | 6 mos |
| What should the nurse tell a parent what to expect at the end of the first year? | Recognition of his/her own name. |
| The nurse explains to the parents of a 6 mos old that gross motor development expected at this age is: | crawling on abdomen |
| A nurse explains to a group of middle-adult people to expect what physical change? | Vision changes |
| In the school age child, 6-12, is growth gradual and subtle or fast and explosive? | Gradual and subtle |
| What is one of the most obvious physical changes in a 6-12 year old? | Long bones of the extremities and facial bones |
| How much is height and weight increased by in the 6-12 year old? | 2 inches and 4.5 - 6.5 pounds per year |
| What are the vital signs in 6-12 year old? | Pulse: 55-90, Respiratory: 22-24, BP 110/65 |
| What is Eriksons development task for 6-12 year old? | Industry vs inferiority This is when the school age child becomes ready to apply himself to given skills and tasks. |
| What are some physiological changes in the development of the school age 6-12 year old? | Become more aware of rules, socialization skills and expectations. |
| Do 6-12 year old test the limits at this age? | Yes |
| At which age are the vital signs more like the adult? | 6-12 |
| What are some cognitive and intellectual development stages that happen to the 6-12 year old? | Become more logical and coherent. Still incapable of generalizing or dealing with abstraction |
| Does the 6-12 year old discover slang and swear words at this age? | YES |
| How can the nurse education a parents 10 year old son on obesity? | This is the age where there begins a correlation between childhood obesity and adult obesity. |
| How else can a nurse educate parents of a 11 year old to maintain a proper weight? | Instruct the parent and child that the child can have junk food, but that it needs to be balanced with nutritious food. |
| How many hours of sleep does the school age child need? | 10-12 hours |
| How should the nurse educate the parents of a 9 year old who has been complaining of fatigue, irritability, poor learning and inattention? | That time management is important. That being involved in sports is good, but not to overdo. Sleep is important. |
| When does the transition from puberty to adulthood begin? | 12-19 year old |
| What is the first major growth period in children? | Infancy - 1st year in life |
| What is the 2nd major growth period in children? | Adolescence. 12-19 year old (think teenagers/periods/sperm |
| What are the vital signs like for 12-19 year old? Adolescence period. | Pulse: 70, Resp: 20, BP/120/70 |
| Adolescence ages 12-19, what is Erikson's theory? | Intimacy versus isolation (think young people in "love" |
| When does Erikson consider the mark of an adult (Early Adulthood 20-40) | When young adults develop an ethical sense. |
| What is the opposite of intimacy according to Erikson in the 20-40/Early Adulthood? | The distancing of one self from intimate relationships, is the negative resolution of the task of this life stage and leads to isolation and self absorption. |
| What are some development tasks of the school age child? 6-12 | Develops a sense of belonging w/family and peer Develops work habits, organize, set and reach goals Learns competence in reading, writing, calculation, grammar & communication |
| The nurse explains to the parent of a 10-12 year old, that since the hand of the child is steadier, this is a good time them to start: | Music lessons. Piano, guitar, violin |
| The nurse educates the patient on one very important factor in school age children. What is it? | Sleep. They need to sleep 10-12 hours a day |
| The nurse explains to a parent that children who expend more calories need more food, those that play a musical instrument or sit and study all day need: | Less food intake. |
| Total metabolic needs are largely determined by the energy expenditure of: | each individual child |
| What can contribute to a child's sleep disruption? | Nightmares, stress, violence on TV and overtiredness |
| What can help a child relax before bed? | quiet music, story time and bathing. |
| What are some reasons that accidents are a leading cause of death in the adolescence? 6-12 | Impulsiveness, poor judgment, curiosity and incomplete control over motor coordination. |
| What are two leading reasons for school violence? | increased availability of weapons and communication breakdown. |
| What are the 3 things you should do, in order, with gun safety rules? | Stop and don't touch, leave the area, report to an adult |
| what term covers the transition period from childhood to adulthood? 12-19 year old | Adolescence |
| When does adolescence begin in the 12-19 year old | At puberty |
| What accompanies adolescence? | Pubertal changes which are the corresponding changes in personality |
| What is the period of life at which the ability to reproduce begins? | Puberty |
| What are some of the primary changes in puberty? | ovaries, breasts, uterus, testes and penis |
| What are some of the secondary changes in puberty? | pubic and facial hair, voice changes and fat deposits. |
| What's another way to describe adolescence? 12-19 year ld | "grow into maturity" |
| What is Eriksons' theory on adolescence 12-19 year old | identity verses role confusion |
| What are the vital signs in the adolescence 12-19 year old? | PR: 70, Resp: 20, BP 120/70 |
| Do all 12-19 year old enter adolescence at the same time at the same rate? | No. They are different in each individual. Some are late, some are early |
| At the adolescence stage, what other adjustments (according to Erikson) is this age group need to adjust to? | Not only a sexually mature body, but all previous conflicts. trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs self doubt, initiative vs guilt and industry vs inferiority) |
| The period of adolescence requires major reorganization of the personality, ________and_________ | childhood INSECURITIES and acceptance of adult responsibilities |
| The nurse educates the parents of the adolescence on parenting tips by suggesting: | maintain open communication, choose battles, be active in school, set realistic expectations, educate self and adolescent, be consistent |
| When cognitive function reaches maturity during adolescence is called? (according to Piaget) | Formal operational thought stage |
| The nurse explains to the parent that love and bonding at an early age helps to develop moral development in adolescence. True or false? | True |
| The nurse explains to the parent that protein needs are important at this age. Why? | Due to rapid growth. Remember this is the 2nd rapid growth period! |
| Skeletal growth in the 12-19 year old requires ______ and muscle mass & blood require increased ______ and _____ | calcium; iron; zinc |
| What can the parent encourage at mealtime to supplement their calcium needs? | Milk |
| The nurse explains to the parent of a 14 year old boy that his frequent sports related injuries could be due to: | Growth spurt. This causes muscles and tendons to become short and tight. |
| What should the parent teach the child to lessen the risk of injury before playing sports? | Stretch exercises and warm ups |
| What can the parent do to lessen the risk of death due to accidents in the adolescence age? | Stress the importance of driver ed, water safety training, sex education an drug education |
| What are some of the developmental tasks of the adolescent? | Recognizes individuality, develops independent living skills, assumes responsibility for own behavior |
| How can the nurse educate the parent on how to distinguish depression from moodiness? | Advise parents to seek professional help if their child has change in appetite, change in mood-sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, talk of suicide |
| What are some of the traits exhibited by those in Early Adulthood: 20-40 year old? | Taking on financial responsibilities, making career choices, social relationships, marriage, becoming a parent |
| At what age is the body at its optimal level of functioning? | early adulthood |
| How is physical appearance influenced? | By heredity, environment and general state of wellness |
| Does marriage in this age group a necessity? | No. It does not have to be a legal marriage. |
| What is the major leading causes of death and accidents in this age group? | Motor car accidents, violence, vehicles, sports, and they lead to disability |
| What other issues are prevalent in the early adulthood stage? | Girls can become anorexic/bulimic and boys use STEROIDS |
| Sexual maturity has been reached at what developmental stage? | Early adulthood 20-40 |
| How did Erikson describe early adulthood development? | Intimacy versus isolation |
| How is caloric need based in Early Adulthood (20-40) | on age, ex, size, physical activity, metabolism and levels of stress |
| How much sleep does the 20-40 year old need? | 7-9 hours |
| Middle Adulthood: 40-65, what are some developmental tasks? | Balances goals and realities/redirects energies, establishes new roles/relationships w/spouse, children, grandchildren & parents |
| What is normal loss of hearing called in those in Middle Adulthood? 40-65 years | Presbycusis |
| What physical changes are evident in those in Middle Adulthood? | skin changes, hair color changes to gray, hair is thinner |
| The nurse explains to a 50 year old patient that her description of hot flashes, night sweats and increased mood irritability is associated with what? | Menopause |
| What is a mid life crisis in those in the Middle Adulthood years? | Men experience changes in body appearance, weight gain, hair loss and decreased muscle change. They may have extramarital affairs. |
| Is every male in the Middle Adulthood years affected by climacteric? 40-60 | No. Some are not at all affected by "male menopause" |
| How does Erkison describe Middle Adulthood? 40-65 | Generativity versus stagnation |
| What 3 things define generativity? | productivity, continuity and creativity |
| What may occur if generativity is not met? | Stagnation may occur. Inactive or lifeless |
| What does "parenting the parent" mean? | When the adult children have the increased responsibility of caring for their aging parents |
| What should the caregiver/nurse be mindful of in Middle Adult 40-65 if that person has, up until now, been active? | When that person is now inactive. What's going on? |
| A nurse is evaluating a patient being seen at the Optometrist and has suggested that ________ may be the cause of noticeable vision changes. | Presbyopia (defect in vision in advancing age) |
| What are two exams should those in Middle Adulthood (40-65)have regularly? | Physical and dental exams |
| How does the need for sleep in Middle Adulthood differ from those needs in Preschoolers? | Middle Adulthood people sleep less and experience more nighttime awakenings than Preschoolers who need 11-12 hours of sleep per night. |
| Late Adulthood: 65 years and older, what are some development tasks? | Accepts own life, recognizes accomplishments (good or bad), accepts own mortality and prepares for death. |
| Successful aging depends on the individuals capacity to _____ and the ______ to change | cope; ability |
| The process of aging affects only the individual. True or false? | False. It affects the individual, the family and society at large. |
| The sociologically relevant issues of aging have to do with what 4 tings? | Work, retirement, social security and health care |
| The response to getting older is often related to what 3 things? | lifelong health habits, diet and exercise |
| Define ageism | a form of discrimination and prejudice against the older adult |
| What are the sleep habits of the Late Adulthood? 65+? | They don't sleep. So they are UP ALL NIGHT |
| Does the need for food and activity go down or up at this age? | Down |
| What is the fastest growing segment in the US population today? | 85+ and older |
| How did Hippocrates theorize again? | it was an irreversible natural event caused by a decrease in body heat |
| How is aging described today? | a slow, continuous, complex process that probably involves both intrinsic and extrinsic factors |
| What two immune organs are associated with the aging process? | Thymus and bone marrow |
| What is the autoimmunity theory? | that w/aging, the body becomes less able to recognize or tolerate the "self." |
| What is the free radical theory? | the presence of these possibly accelerates aging and results in the death of the organism. |
| Wear and tear theory | determined by the amount of wear and tear we experience not on chronological age |
| Biologic Programming Theory is? | hereditary basis for aging due changes in elastin. Tissues are stiffer, less pliable and less elastic and efficient |
| Disengagement Theory | A natural withdrawal or disengagement between the individual and society. Initiated by either society or the individual |
| What are 2 major criticisms to the Disengagement Theory? | Does not allow for man active functional older adults & the process is not see in ALL cultural groups and is not universal. |
| Activity Theory | The older person who is more active socially is more likely to adjust well to aging. The # and quality of the activities are important |
| Continuity Theory | the coping abilities we developed previously and our ability to maintain our previous roles and activities. |
| What is another important issue regarding Continuity Theory? | That people who were highly involved in life need to remain so, whereas those who were not as involved are apt to have a mild level of involvement in old age. |
| Is Ageism viewed only as a decline? | Not it involves growth as well |
| How does Erikson define psychosocial development in Late Adulthood? 65+? | Ego integrity vs a sense of despair. |
| How can integrity vs a sense of despair be further described? | Ego: To evaluate and one's life and find satisfaction. Integrity: who feel their life has been well spent. Adults who are dissatisfied w/their accomplishments exp. conflict and despair which leads to "time is running out" and panic. |
| What is another factor that affects older adult adjustment to this stage of life? | Retirement. Health and financial issues. |
| The nurse explains to the wife of a patient that the reason for her husbands "barrel chest" is due to... | COPD, emphysema and bronchitis |
| What health issues are related to a decrease in basal metabolic rate in Late Adulthood? | uses less calories, absorption is slowed in the liver and kidneys. |
| A 76 year old woman is telling the nurse that she is a recent widow. She can't eat, sleep and seems lost. What should the nurse do? | Suggest that she find a support group. |
| In this age group, what is a major issue you will be looking for? | Memory loss. Alzheimer's specifically although there is a decline in short memory in this age group. |
| What determines a persons state of health? | Environment, social patterns, diet, exercise and personal habits |
| What advice should you give a patient who requests a pneumococcal and influenza vaccine but has an egg allergy or previous allergic response? | Check w/their physician prior to immunization. |
| Fluid is a critical component in the older persons diet. True or false? | True |
| Sleep is often affected by medications, alcohol, caffeine, stress and environmental noise and temperature. True or false? | True |
| What can a caregiver do to decrease the risk of injury during night time hours? | use night light, reduce excess furniture and clutter |
| Patient Education is critical. Name some things a nurse could explain to a care giver to decrease the risk of injury. | Remove scatter rugs, huse hand rails, install grab bars, use night light, get up slowly from lying position, use caution when going from light to dark, properly fitting shoes and clothing, don't rush or hurry |
| Diminished sight, along with posture and balance sometimes exposes the older person to risk of falls. What impact could this have on that persons lifestyle? | A single fall has the potential to produce an injury necessitating a long period of immobilization and reduces their independence and self-esteem |
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patty88
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