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ap--syntax & grammar
| term | definition |
|---|---|
| anaphora | The regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses. |
| anastrophe | A rhetorical term for the inversion of the normal order of the parts of a sentence. Ex: "After great pain a formal feeling comes – The nerves sit ceremonious like tombs." --Emily Dickinson |
| antecedent | The word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers. |
| antithesis | A figure of speech in which opposing or contrasting ideas are balanced against each other using grammatically parallel syntax. ex: "There is no king who has not had a slave among his ancestors, And no slave who has not had a king among his" --Helen Keller |
| asyndenton | Conjunctions are omitted, producing a fast-paced and rapid prose. Ex: "I came. I saw. I conquered." |
| chiasmus | Grammatical structure in which the first clause or phrase is reversed in the second, sometimes repeating the same words. Ex. “And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you: ask what you can do for your country.”--John F. Kennedy |
| clause | A group of words containing a subject and verb that may or may not be a complete sentence. |
| gerund | A noun formed from a verb. Ex: Living. |
| imperative | Sentence structure that gives a command. Ex: “Eat your spinach.” |
| inversion | Reversing the normal order of sentence parts for poetic effect. |
| loose sentence | Modifiers follow the SVC pattern allowing the strength of the sentence to come first. Ex: "A car hit him just as he bent over to tie his shoelace." |
| paradox | A statement or expression so surprisingly self-contradictory as to provoke us into seeking another sense in which it would be true. Ex: "Success is counted sweetest by those who ne’er succeed."--Emily Dickinson |
| parallelism | Expressing similar or related ideas in similar grammatical structure. Ex: "He tried to make the law clear, precise and equitable." |
| periodic sentence | The main idea comes last in the sentence, leaving the reader with a more powerful last impression. Ex: "Just as he bent over to tie his shoelace, a car hit him." |
| polysyndenton | The opposite of asyndenton. The use of many conjunctions has a slowing effect. |
| rhetorical question | Questions that do not require an answer. |