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ANTRHO Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Archaeology | a branch of anthropology that studies material culture to understand past populations |
| Material culture | the objects that people leave behind. it may be unintentional (written accounts) or unintentional (trash/discard) |
| Features | non-portable material culture. for example, post mold, hearth, storage pits, and burials |
| Survey | a systematic examination of a larger area to determine the potential for containing archaeological sites or historic properties |
| Theory | is a framework for understanding and asking questions |
| Language | a way of communicating, it is shared, learned, a way of sharing information, symbols, and it is a rule based pattern systems |
| Proximix | is the cultural understanding of space |
| Symbols | stand for something other than itself. meanings and definitions are assigned to symbols sometimes unrelated but representative |
| Symbolic communication | when meaning is arbitrary and symbols have to be learned, has no natural connection between the word "tree" and the object that is attached to "tree" |
| Structural linguistics | about the structures and patters of language |
| Historical linguistics | focuses on the development of structure |
| Phoneme or Phonology | the basic unit of sound that makes a difference |
| Minimal pairs | similarities between pairs of phonemes |
| Morphology or morphemes | the smallest unit of language that conveys meaning |
| Syntax or grammar | the order of the morphemes in language may matter |
| Paleopathology | the study of ancient health. it is used as a tool to understand the health in the past |
| The Woodlands | has a wide variety of resources for their diet such as seeds, grasses, nuts, fish, and fowl. They keep their campsites seasonal and low populations |
| Mississippians | showed evidence of trade because different materials from different regions were going in their region. Different ritual objects showed social distinctions. had high populations, houses, diversity, sedimentary walls and structures for defense & status |
| Increase of domestication | became problematic. dependence on one crop caused famines, not enough caloric intake, lysine deficiency, and iron deficiency |
| Porotic Hypertosis | a disease that causes red blood cell production in bone marrow expands and becomes porus. This disease was twice as common in children in the Woodlands than the Mississippian |
| Enamel Hypoplasias | shows evidence of growth arrest in early childhood. weaning stress could be seen mostly in the Mississippian than the Woodlands |
| Periostitis | as infectious disease in which bacteria produce toxins that destroy bones cells. New bone becomes rough and layered especially in the tibias and shins. This disease was more common with the Mississippians than the Woodlands |
| Activity stress | showed inequalities because men had more injuries from working harder |
| Three main Epidemiological Transitions | 1. Neolithic to Industrial Revolution 2. Industrial Revolution to 1980's 3. 1980's to present |
| Victorian anthropology | during the 19th century was unilinear and progressive |
| Culture | a learned, shared, way of life that includes technology, values, and beliefs transmitted within a particular society from generation to generation |
| Functionalism | focused on how culture served to fulfill the needs of the individual |
| Structural-functionalism | focused on the interrelationship of social systems and the contributions of institutions of the maintenance of the whole society |
| Margaret Mead | concentrated on the relationship between nature vs nurture. research focused on gender roles in adolescence. She noted that Americans were not as understanding of such sexual commonalities because provocative behaviors were typically looked down upon |
| Benedict | studied the relationship between culture and individual personality. She found that there are dominant personality types in each society |
| Ethnos | is a worldview and the study of global groups and culture including the fundamental character or spirit of the culture |
| Structuralism | focuses on the underlying patterns of human thought that produce categories rather than how people are categories of the world. This school of thought played a vital role in the beginning of anthropology |
| 5 Major Themes of Anthropology | 1. Materialism and Neo-Functionalism 2. Interpretive and Symbolic Approaches 3. Political Economy and Ecology 4. Agency and Power 5. Globalization |
| Ethics | how to behave professionally, respectively, and individually and it balances protection of societies with informative research and findings |
| Cultural Relativism | the view that no cultural traditions are inherently inferior or superior. for example, genocide and human sacrifice |
| Ethnocentrism | is the practice of judging another culture by your own standards |
| Ethnography | a written description of a society's customary behaviors and specific ideals and anthropological data |
| Participant Observation | a way of gaining data by living among the people being studied and trying to understand them |
| Social Solidarity | conflict is present and social cohesion is important. It evolves from less cohesion to more cohesion |
| Mechanical | is held together by kinship and relationships in primitive societies |
| Organic | is industrial societies that have organic interrelationships |
| Collective conscience | unites us together, its organic, shared beliefs, and traditions |
| Social facts | main social rules, values, behavioral rules, norms, etc. Social facts are used to try and understand unique culture phenomenon while looking at other social facts |
| Positivism | is the belief that universal laws of human society could be discovered |
| 3 Main elements of economy | 1. Production 2. Distribution 3. Consumption. all are interrelated and constantly changing |
| Production | is the transformation of resources into products such as goods, services, and ideas |
| Distribution | is how products get to those who use them |
| Consumption | the use of products |
| Capitalist economy | the one in which the more supply the less the demand and the more rare is in the higher demand |
| Karl Marx | a Victorian thinker focused on progressive thinking. He believed that labor is socially organized |
| Modes of Production | 1. Kin-ordered 2. Tributary 3. Capitalist. |
| 4 Main terms for the way people cluster | 1. Bands 2. Chiefdoms 3. Tribes 4. States |
| Foraging | includes fishing, hunting and gathering |
| Hunter-gatherers | typically held together through kin groups and sharing |
| 2 Main types of horticulture | 1. Slash and burn 2. Long growing trees |
| diseases of civilization | chronic diseases such as heart disease and obesity that characterize modern societies. it is a result of lack of exercise and high fat diets |
| Mesolithic | this period marks the shift from food gathering to food production. |
| Neolithic | stage in cultural evolution marked by the appearance of stone tools and the domestication of plants and animals |
| agriculture | the cultivation of animals, plants, and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. |
| Dickson Mounds | a Native American settlement site and burial mound complex near Lewistown, Illinois. It is a large burial complex containing at least two cemeteries, ten burial mounds, and a platform mound. |
| SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome |
| Artifact | portable materials that humans manufacture or modify |
| Paleolithic | old stone age; the archaeological period that includes the beginning of culture to the end of the pliestocene glaciation |
| obsidian | a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock. |
| Cahokia | Mounds State Historic Site is the area of an ancient indigenous city |
| evolutionary medicine | an anthropological approach to disease, symptoms, and medical care based upon our evolutionary heritage |
| adaptive customs | the customs that enhance survival and reproductive success |
| cultural relativism | the principle that all cultural systems are inherently equal in value, and therefore, that each cultural item must be understood on its own terms |
| maladaptive customs | customs that diminish the chances of survival and reproductive success |
| norms | standards of behavior characteristic of a society or social group to which members are expected to conform |
| society | a socially bounded, spatially contiguous group of people who interact in basic economic and political institutions and share and particular culture, societies retain relative stability across generations |
| subculture | he culture of a subgroup of a society that has its own distinctive ideas, beliefs, values and worldview |
| codeswitching | the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation. |
| protolanguage | A parent language for many ancient and modern languages. |
| Ishi | was the last member of the Yahi, the last surviving group of the Yana people |
| chiefdom | a society more complex than a tribal society, characterized by social ranking, a redistributive economy, and a centralized political economy |
| commercialization | |
| intensive agriculture | |
| Peasants | rural, agricultural populations of state-level societies who maintain parts of their traditional culture while they are tied into the wider economic system of the whole society through economic links of rent, taxes, and markets |
| Reciprocity | system of mutual interaction involving the regular exchange of goods or services (example: inviting someone overbecause they had you over for dinner) |
| Chief | the political leader of a society that is more complex than a tribal society and is characterized by social ranking, a redistributive economy, and a centralized political economy |
| Pastoralism | food producers who depend primarily on domesticated animals that feed on natural pasture |
| Yanomamo | horticulturalists of the brazilian amazon |
| tribe (horticulturalist) | a relatively small, horticultural society organized on principles of kinship, characterized by little social stratification and no centralized political authority, and whose members share a culture and language. |
| balanced reciprocity | value and time are important |
| redistribution | -government collects goods and services & gives back to people |
| horticulture | a plant cultivation system based upon relatively low energy input, like gardening by using only one hoe or digging stick, often involves use of the slash-and-burn technique |
| hunter-gatherers | peoples who subsist on the collection of naturally occurring plants and animals; food foragers |
| market or commercial exchange | Producer and consumer separated |
| food production | |
| foragers | hunting and gathering; the original human economic system relying on the collection of natural plant and animal food sources |
| generalized reciprocity | value not calculated time of repayment not specified |
| slash and burn | shifting form of cultivation with recurrent, alternate clearing and burning of vegetation and planting in the burnt fields; swidden |
| mediation | the role of a disinterested 3rd party in order to settle a dispute |
| Plasticity | the ability of many organisms, including humans, to alter themselves behaviorally or biologically in response to changes in the environment. |
| acclimatization | involves physical adjustments in individuals to environmental conditions. like tanning in response to UV radiation |
| Race | a discrete typological unit; folk category based on arbitrarily selected phenotypic traits |
| cline | gradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations. |
| bioarchaeology | study of health and behavior from the skeleton |
| negative reciprocity | giver tries to get the better end of the deal |
Created by:
asculpepper
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