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Clinical Chem Cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of calcium in the body? | Decreases neuromuscular excitability, Important for coagulation, and activator for enzymes |
| What is the function of phosphorus in the body? | Phospholipid in cell membranes, production of cell energy, needed for cellular replication |
| List three forms of calcium that is found in serum | Protein-bound calcium, Free calcium, Complex calcium |
| How does an acidic environment affect calcium levels? | Causes calcium levels to increase. |
| How does PTH affect calcium levels in the body? | Partners with Vitamin D to move calcium from bones to the plasma. This will increase the serum calcium levels. |
| How does Calcitonin affect calcium levels in the body? | antagonist of PTH. It lowers ionized calcium and decreased bone resorption. |
| How does Vitamin D affect calcium levels in the body? | sidekick to PTH. It increases absorption of calcium in intestines and bone. |
| How does plasma protein affect calcium levels in the body? | Causes total calcium levels to decrease |
| How does serum phosphate affect calcium levels in the body? | Inverse relationship. high levels = low calcium low levels = high calcium |
| How does a basic environment affect calcium levels? | Causes calcium levels to decrease. |
| Hyperparathyroidism | Serum Calcium: Increased Urinary Calcium: Increased Serum Phosphorus: Decreased Urinary Phosphorus: Increased PTH Levels: Increased Vitamin D Levels: Increased |
| Hypoparathyroidism | Serum Calcium: Decreased Urinary Calcium: Decreased Serum Phosphorus: Increased Urinary Phosphorus: Decreased PTH Levels: Decreased Vitamin D Levels: Decreased |
| Hypervitaminosis D | Serum Calcium: Increased Urinary Calcium: Increased Serum Phosphorus: Increased Urinary Phosphorus: Increased PTH Levels: Decreased Vitamin D Levels: Increased |
| What three methods are used for calcium determinations? | Atomic Absorption spectophotometry Colormetric Arsenazo III |
| What method is used for phosphorus determination? | Molybdate |
| Major intracellular cation. Not a true trace element. Found in bone and muscle. Important for enzye reactions. | Magnesium |
| Intricate part of metaloenzymes | Copper |
| 2nd most important element. Major factor in synthesis of connective tissues. | Zinc |
| Absorbed and distributed to bone and teeth. Renal excretion regulates levels. | Fluoride |
| What are the clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency? | Tetani, Convulsions, Hyper-irritability of nerves |
| What is the preferred method of analysis for magnesium? | Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry |
| What are the precautions for magnesium specimens? | Serum should be separated from RBCs and hemolyzed samples are NOT acceptable. |
| What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency? | depressed growth, increased incidence of infection, diarrhea, skin lesions |
| List five tissues or fluids used for zinc determination: | serum/plasma, hair, urine, RBCs, and saliva |
| What is the method of analysis for zinc? | Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry |
| What are the symptoms of copper deficiency? | tired, fatigue, lightheadedness, anemia, leukopenia, myelopathy |
| What is the cause of MENKE'S SYNDROME? | x-linked disorder. defect in copper intestinal absorption |
| What is the significance of MENKE'S SYNDROME? | serum copper and ceruloplasm will decrease, resulting in coarse/sparse hair. |
| What is the cause of WILSON'S DISEASE? | genetic disorder. Fleischer-Keyser rings in the eye |
| What is the significance of WILSON'S DISEASE? | normal serum copper and decreased ceruloplasm. Urine copper is increased. |
| What method is used for copper analysis? | AAS and colormetrics |
| What is the significance of low fluoride? | osteoporosis / brittle bones |
| What is the significance of high fluoride? | modeled or pitted enamel on teeth |
| What is the method of determination for fluoride? | ISE - Ion Selective Electrode |
| What three parameters assess renal function? | Urine volume Glomerular filtration rate osmolality |
| What is a clearance test? | the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the GFR |
| Creatinine Clearance Formula | CrCL= (UxF)/P X 1.73/A |
| What test results are useful in monitoring fluid and electrolyte imbalance? | electrolyte panel, osmolality, Na, K, Bicarb |
| What test results are useful in monitoring nitrogen imbalance? | creatinine, urea/BUN, uric acid, protein, albumin |
| What test results are useful in monitoring osteodystrophy? | calcium, vitamin D, parathyroid, phosphorus, ALP |
| What test results are useful in monitoring hepatitis? | ALT, AST, Bilirubin |
| List the SIX normal liver functions | 1) carb metabolism 2) protein metabolism 3) lipid biosynthesis 4) storage depot 5) bile pigment formation 6) metabolic end product excretion and detoxification |
| Differentiate between the three types of jaundice | Prehepatic: hemolytic event. TB is INC HEPATIC: virus attacks hepatocytes. TB & CB are INC POST HEPATIC: obstructive. TB increases. NO urobilinogen |
| List the 5 types of hepatitis: | A- Most common. Highest in kids. B- Chronic viral infections C- Body fluids & blood D- Co-infectin E- |
Created by:
ashleywest16
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