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Micro TCN Excelsior
Microbiology The College Network Excelsior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microbiology is | the study of organisms too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye (i.e., microorganisms) |
| Microorganisms studied are | viruses, bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, and fungi |
| Biotechnology | uses microbes to solve biological probs, produce lrg. quanities of useful items, & degrade toxic materials |
| gene therapy | replace defective gene(s) with a "normal" one |
| scientific method- | refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge |
| Hypothesis | An educated guess |
| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek- | 1st to make a microscope and observe animalcules. 1670's. He was more interested ion microscopes. |
| Animalcules | tiny rapidly swimming (tiny animals) |
| Edward Jenner 1790's | performed 1st vaccination small Pox Vaccine |
| Ignaz Semmels or Sir Jospeh Lister | 1850-Ignaz promoted hand washing. 15 yrs later- Joe started using antiseptics and disenfecants in surgery & on wounds. |
| Louis Pasteur "Father of Microbiology" | produced vaccines for anthrax & rabies & 1850's-1880's discovered micobes cause fermintation & that spontaneous generation was false |
| Spontaneous generation | Idea that microbes develop without any cellular parentage |
| Robert Koch | 1870's Dev Koch postulates |
| Koch postulates | The need to satisfy 4 requir in order to establish that an organism is the cause of disease |
| Agar | gelatin-like solidifying agent used in laboratory culture media |
| pure culture | is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture media under controlled laboratory conditions |
| Germ theroy of disease | Belief that microbes will grow in humans & are the cause of diseases that spread from person to person, town to town |
| Alex Fleming | early 20th century, Discovered agents that destroyed bacteria |
| Lysozyme enzyme | degrades bacterial cell walls |
| PCN | 1st true antibiotic used to kill bacteria, gained popularity during WW 2 |
| Bacteria differentiate bacterial types by a single gene variation Edit Nomenclature naming & classifying Edit taxonomy how many levels? naming & classifying of microbes | 7 levels |
| levels of taxonomy | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species |
| Binomial System 2 names | organism genus & species |
| Strain or Biovars (biological variants) | Organisms that have small differences but are still in the same genus & species |
| Serovars | similar organisms that differ immunologically |
| Strains | Any type of variation |
| Domain bacterial Kingdom divided into 2 domains | Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes |
| Prokaryotes | Pro-before Kary-nucleous,organisms have no nucleous-(Bacteria & Archae) |
| Eukaryotes | presence of true nucleus,everything else other than bacteria |
| Cyanobacteria colored bacteria | use sunlight to produce carbs & fix nitrogen from the air |
| Dark-field microscopy | Light is blocked out, so light reflected of the bacteria is seen |
| Staining improves | viablity, microbes seldom have color |
| Differential Staining Grams | stain uses 2 stains, causes diff types of bacteria to change into diff colors |
| Electron Microscopy, How many diff types | stain viruses with heavy metal & shine electrons on them, 2 types |
| transmission electron microscopy | the electrons pass thru the specimen, heavy metals pile up around the virus & scatter electrons& Leaves dark areas that reflect the outline, resolve down to 0point002 |
| scanning electron microscopy | scattered electrons are detected & the objects surface is reconstructed by a computer& resolve to 0point02 microns |
| Medium | nutritious extract or mixture that will support the growth of microbes |
| polar | Positive charge at one end & negative charge at the other end |
| nonpolar | no charge |
| Acids | supply an excess of H+ ions |
| Bases | supply an excess of OH- ions |
| pH high | >8 basic |
| low | <6 acidic |
| neutral point | is 7 |
| Macromolecules | large molecules |
| Proteins | a macromolecule functions-structural & transport |
| enzymes | are a majority of proteins,breakdown of food into smaller useful |
| Polysaccharides | A macromolecule, assembled by enzymes, Serve as structural function& provide strength |
| Nucleic Acid | A Macromolecule, a sugar-phosphate repeating structure |
| Codons | nucleic acis letter (3) |
| gene | A string of codons |
| DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid | A nucleic acid, will always have equal numbers of A & T and equal numbers of C & G |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| chromosome | 1000s of genes that make up a single piece of double stranded DNA |
| adenine | always opposed to thymidine |
| cytosine | opposed to guanine |
| mRNA messengar RNA | single stranded, has a sugar ribose, and has uridine, actual template for protein synthesis aka translation, the A,U,C,G's dont have to be equal |
| translation | protein synthesis |
| Lipids macromolecule | small & span the membrane of every cell,they provide a non polar boundry- keep contents in & keep unwanted material out |
| Sterols | a type of lipid useful as targets for antibiotic therapy of fungi because fungal & animal lipids vary |
| Cholesterol | contained by animl cells |
| Ergosterols | contained by fungi cells |
| How many bases of RNA are required to code for one amino acid | 3 |
| Major component used in baterial classification & identification | apperance |
| coccus | spherical shape |
| bacillus | rod shaped |
| spirochete | helical cell |
| comma shaped | vibrio |
| mono | single |
| diplo | two linked cells |
| tetra | four linked cells |
| strepto | means chain of cells |
| staphylo | means a cluster of cells organized like a cluster of grapes |
| organelles membrane | bound sacks that are smaller than a cell. Bacteria has none. |
| Bacteria replication & transcription occur | in cytoplasm |
| cytoplasmic membrane aka cell or plasma membrane | a structure that defines inside & outside |
| cell wall | Bacterias have these layers that confers rigidity & shape to the bacteria. |
| active transport | pumping mechanism that runs the cells energy resources. |
| plasmids | small pieces of DNA that often carry genes for highly specialized functions, for example, they may code for resistance to some commonly used antibiotics. |
| ribosomes | are the enzymes that perform translation, do vary between bacteria & eukaryotes. |
| granules aka inclusions | contained by many bacteria in the cytoplasm. usually provide an energy source. |
| peptidoglycan PG | a polysaccharide called glycan that is cross-linked to other polysaccharide molecules by short peptide bridges. |
| lysis | bacteria with damaged cell walls literally explode |
| capsule aka glycocalyx | a covering, usually a polysaccharide. |
| lipopolysaccharide (LPS) | a presence or type of capsule |
| cell envelope | all of the covering layers of a bacterium. |
| spores aka endospores | grow inside of the cell (spores) |
| proteinaceous | flagella organelle of motility |
| filament | major part of a flagellum. contains flagellin. |
| flagellin | long helical structures made of polymerized protein |
| filament | major part of flagellum. shaped like corkscrew & are normally longer than the entire cell. |
| Flagellin | long, helical structures made of polymerized protein. |
| hook | can bend, like universal joint |
| basal body hook is attached to this | . 2 to 4 rings mounted on a rod that secure the flagellum to the cell envelope. |
| chemotaxis | when bacteria is moving toward or away from something |
| random-biased walk | bacteria tries different random directions & only go a significant distance when they like what's happening. |
| pili (sex pilus) aka fimbriae | hairlike appendages on the external surface of bacteria independant of flagella. |
| fimbriae how many? | ans more specifically means seen in 100s per cell. attachment factors or holdfasts |
| colony | microbes that grow into visible clump of cells |
| Gram stain | differentiate between positive & negative |
| gram positive | bacteria w/ 2 layered cell envelopes |
| gram negative | bacteria with 3 layered cell envelopes, which is unique |
| Lps | is important to bacterial pathogens in escaping the hosts immune system |
| lipid | a aka endotoxin is a potent inducer of inflammatory reactions. |
| strepto | in chains like a necklace |
| staphylo | clustered like grapes |
| tetra | linking in fours |
| diplo | linking in cells of two |
| pleomorphic | can be more than shape |
| 2 biologically active items that destroy a cell wall | lysozyme & PCN |
| Nuclei | the defining chara. of a eukaryote |
| mitochondria | energy production |
| endoplasmic reticulum | for the translation of proteins |
| golgi apparatus | for packaging material to be secreted |
| vacuoles | for food or storage |
| Bulk transport eukaryotes have this | an additional type of transport. |
| endocytosis | engulf a large molecule |
| exocytosis | secrete whole antibody molecules. |
| vesicle | a small membrane sac |
| ligand | general term for any type of molecule that a receptor binds to. |
| phagocytosis | one form of endocytosis. cell eating, useful for ridding the cell of debris |
| pseudopodia | false foot |
| lysosomes | digestive organelles filled with toxic chemicals & degradative enzymes. |
| phagocytes | one group of WBCs that travel to all parts of the body to clean up any problems. |
| Fungi | make up a large kingdom Eukaryotes and break down organic material into forms that are reuseable by other living things. |
| heterotrophic | fungi are this. cuz they use organic material made by other cells |
| symbiotic | some fungi are..this cuz they obtain nutrients from living cells without harming them |
| saprobes | most fungi are this cuz they obtain nutrients from dead organic material |
| fungi are generally classified | as molds, yeasts, or mushrooms |
| yeasts grow | as single roundish cells |
| molds grow | in hyphae, long chains |
| hyphae | "web". molds grow like this- in long chains of connected cells |
| hypae are divided | into 2 classes septate & aseptate |
| septate | cross walls separarting individual cells |
| Mycelia | fuzzy masses of hypae (mold) |
| Ergosterol | major lipid of fungi. humans have cholesterol |
| Chitlin | Polysaccharide that most fungi cells are made of. |
| 3 groups of the kingdom of Protista | alage, protozoa, & slime molds |
| Algae | unicellular, can grow in large groups |
| Protozoa | unicellular, lack photosynthetic ability & use their organellas for moving & food gathering |
| Slime molds | grow on dead material & produce spores, some have flagella or pseudopodia (false feet) |
| Protozoan moves via | flagella, cillia, pseudopodia |
| Algaes role in marine life | use sun's energy to make organic material and oxygen. Are primary food source for ocean cretures |
| Algal cells are made of | cellulose |
| Algae obtains and uses sunlight via | through chlorophyll |
| protozoans classified & identified | via of the way they move and their locomation apparatus |
| cellular vs acellular | group of individual cells / plasmodium, a giant cell containing many nuclei |
| vector | carriers of pathogens, ie lice, mites, ticks, mosquitos |
| a pathogen to be transmitted via mosquito | pathogen must migrate to the salivary gland and replicate there. |
| tick-dermacentor andersoni | transmits rickettsia which causes Rocky mountain fever |
| Ixodes scapularis tick | transmits Borrelia burgdorferi which causes Lyme disease |
| Obligate intracellular parasites | incapable of replicating outside of a host-viruses |
| bacterial viruses | bacteriophages or just phages |
| viruses | THE simplest ORGANISIMS ON EARTH, defined as living cuz they replicate |
| bacteriophage penetrate | hosts walls via neddle like tube-they use this tube to propel and inject their nucleic acid |
| Capsomere | a viral protein that forms the coat around the viral nucleic acid |
| Capsid | protein shell made of capsomeres |
| nucleocapsid | capsid covering plus the nucleic acid |
| envelope | an additional covering made of membrane fromthe host cell & viral protein |
| virion | an intact viral particle with its appropriate coating layers |
| icosahedron | 20 identical sides |
| envelope parts come from | membrane from host & attachment proteins are from the virus |
| 7 steps in human virus | attachment, penetration, uncoating, nucleic acid replication, protein synthesis, self-assembly, release |
| prions | smallest replicating agents, have no DNA or RNA |
| kuru aka Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease | disease in which shaking occurs, tribes ate infected brain |
| scrapie | Kuru in sheep, cause it makes then scrap all their hide off |
| encephalopathy | prions folded protein destroys the hosts brain |
| Acidophiles | Bacteria that grow in acidic enviroments. |
| aerobes | Bacteria that grows in oxygen |
| alkalophiles | Bacteria that grows in alkaline enviroments |
| anaerobes | Bacteria that grows without the presence oxygen |
| antagonism | a mutual harmful relationship between organisms |
| autotrophs | Bacteria and other organisms that can use carbon dioxide from the air as a source of carbon. |
| auxotrophs | bacteria with mutations that disallow them from making a given vitamin, they acquire them from hosts |
| Carbon | Most abudant elemant in cells. |
| hetertrophs | require their carbon source in an organic form (sugar/aminao acid) |
| Fastidious organisms | organisms that require vitamins or similar nutrients |
| photoautotrophs | bacteria that is photosynthetic & can use energy in light |
| Halophiles | bacteria that can grow in high salt conditions |
| methanogens | bacteria that gets their energy from carbon dioxide & hydrogen to produce methane gas |
| chemoautotrophs | use minerals & gases from the sir, & derive energy from chemicals found in rocks. |
| liquid media | broth |
| to solidify miquid media | add agar |
| synthetic or defined media | bacterial culture that consists of media of known chemicals (ie sugar, vitamins) |
| brain-heart infusion broth | nonsynthetic or compulsive media |
| if we know what nutrients are needed & can add them to the heart-brain infusion | enriched medium |
| bood agar | medium generally used for the isolation of human pathogens from body sites,ex throat. (We add blood to the brain-heart medium if we don't know what nutrients are needed. |
| selective media | media allows certain kinds of bacteria to grow while not letting the other bacteria(s) grow. |
| differental media | allows different types of organisms, but colonies of one type of organism are differentiated by the color they produce as they metabolize the sugar. |
| bacteria to be identified | must be isoloated |
| brownian motion | molecules are always bouncing around off one another in this process |
| hydrostatic/osmotic pressure | pressure d/t h20 trying to reduce the chemical gradient |
| aerobes | bacteria grows in the presence of o2 |
| Obligated aerobes | absolutely require o2 to grow in (baceris) |
| anaerobes | absenence of air-bacteria grows |
| facultative anaerobes | with or w/o o2 bacteria grows in |
| microaerophiles | require reduced o2 bacteria grows in |
| acidophilles | acidic enviroment bacteria grow |
| alkalophiles | bacteria that can grow in alkaline enviroments (high pH) |
| bacteria that can't grow w/o high concentration of salt | obligate halophiles |
| pshychrophiles | cold |
| mesophiles | warm (human pathogens) |
| thermophile | hot |
| extreme thermophile | boiling |
| can't grow but don't die @ high temp for short period of time | thermoduric |
| Synergism | Symbiotic relationship. Total growth of 2 or more arganisms is better than if they had just grew alone by themselves. |
| Mutualistic | symbiotic relationship. when both organisms need each other to live. |
| Commensalism | symbiotic relatioonship. when organism A helps Organ. B. But Organ. A neither affected good or bad. |
| Parasitism | Symbiotic realtionship where one is getting hurt and the other is thriving. |
| Antagonism | Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms are being hurt. |
| SIX most abudants elements in microbes | carbon, o2, nitrogen,hydrogen, phosphorus, & sulfar |
| SIX most abudant types of molecules in a living bacterium | h20,proteins,RNA,carbohydrates,lipids,DNA |
| Diffusion | Brownian motion, nutrient molecules are constantly moving, so they make contact w/bactrium. |
| Prevents a bacterial cell from rupturing | srength of the peptidoglycan |
| cell division & binary fisson | bacterial cells grow by dividing & forming 2 progeny cells that are equal to the original cell |
| generation | each division or doubling is called this |
| exponential growth | when bacteria double every constant period of time |
| lag phase | not moving. when placed from petri disk to broth. cells are adapting to the rich supply of nutrients in preparation of growth.30 to 60 minutes |
| log phase | second phase.cells start to multiply by doubling every approx 30 min. may be a few hours long but the time depends directly on nutrient availability |
| stationary phase | cells maintain cell number but aren't able to produce new cells or they are dying and replacing at the same rate.can be minutes to days this is due to nutrient depletion |
| decline phase or death phase | last phase. cuz the cells aren't receiving sufficient energy or nutrients to maintain viablity they die. |
| autolytic | they produce enzymes that cause their own lysis or breakdown |
| dilutions | this is how you can determine the number of viable cells in a culture. |
| akiquots | small samples of a culture |
| exponential growth | means that in every generation (or growth cycle) twice as many cells are formed. |
| CFU | colony forming unit. each viable cell that can grow into a colony on a petri dish |
| Turbidimetric assay | determines how many bacterial cells,living or dead, are present by use of a spectrophotometer. This number is different than CFU's because CFU only count viable cells. |
| anabolism | the use of energy & building blocks to make new cellular materials. |
| catabolism | hte breakdown of complex materials that use cells for making more cells |
| metabolism | all the chemical processes occurring in a cell |
| enzymes | protein catalysts that cells use to convert some molecules into others. |
| activation energy | refers to the amount of heat necessary to cause a chemical reaction.Enzymes can dramatically reduce the activation energy. |
| 3 Major pathways of catabolism in organisms | Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, & electron transport. |
| Glycolysis how many ATPs | 2 ATPS are produced by.... |
| TCA Cycle/electron transport how many ATPs | 30 ATPS are produced by........... |
| Final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration | O2 |
| 2 possible final electron acceptors in anaerobic reaction | nitrate & sulfate |
| 6 Commercially valuable products vis fermintation | cheese, yogurt, vinegar, acetone, butyl alcohol, beer & wine |
| DNA RNA & amino acids | types of macromolecules that require building blocks, or precursor molecules. |
| DNA | infomational molecule. tells cells what to do/ how to operate |
| RNA | translated into proteins, the real cell workers |
| Transcription | The process by which RNA polymerase uses a DNA template to produce mRNA |
| RNA polymerase | the enzyme responsible for transcription. aka used to produce the RNA copy of each gene |
| Operon | 2 or more genes in a bacterial chromosome that are transcribed into one mRNA. Eukaryotic cells do not have operons |
| Translation | The process of rRNAs translating the mRNA codons into proteins by polymerizing the correet amino acids in th ecorrect order. |
| mRNA | A template for the coded genetic information in DNA to be translated into protein |
| ribosomes | enzymes that carry out the process of translation |
| codon | a nucleotide triplet that codes for a specific amino acid |
| Couple transcription & translation | the simultaneous synthesis of RNA & protein that occur in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes |
| A triplet of bases encodes.. | Each triplet codon in mRNA codes for 1 amino acid |
| Griffith | demonstrated a gene transfer by showing that capsular production could be restored to a capsular mutant from dead, wild-type bacteria |
| Avery | showed that genes are made of DNA by showing that the bacterial substance that caused transformation was DNase sensitive. |
| Hershey & chase | confirmed that DNA is the genetic material |
| gene | the DNA coding material for a single protein |
| chromosome | a large circular molecule of several million base pairs of DNA that contains cellular genes |
| genome | the collection of all the genes in a cell |
| complementary DNA | DNA that will base pair w/another DNA molecule cuz it has A in place of every T, C in place of every g of the other molecule |
| gene amounts in bacterium & human cells | bacterium 5,000 and human=50,000 |
| Prokaryotic cells | have haplois genomes |
| Eukaryotic cells | have diploid genomes |
| A disease that is most common in the Ohio Missi. River drainage area, is spread from bird poop, & is DX as a yeast in bronchoalveolar lavage washings is | HISTOPLASMOSIS |
| Feeding form of Giardia Lamblia | TROPHOZITE |
| Malarial Merozoites infect | RBCs |
| Parasite, damages the liver & have a life cycle stage in a snail is | FLUKE |
| Agents that causes swimming pool conjunctivitis & keratoconjunctivitis is | ADENOVIRUS |
| Alcohol in alcholic drinks is produced by | YEAST |
| this organism makes a natural pesticide | BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS |
| microbe shells are used to decontaminate water supplies | DIATOMS |
| Air forced through sewage to | HELP AEROBIC BACTERIA GROWTH |
| Actinomycetes as Nocardia & Streptomyces are commonly found here | SOIL |
| Produces the greatest amount of energy | ELECTRON TRANSPORT |
| double stranded DNA virus has 40% G+C, then it has ___% A | 30 |
| All viruses | are intracellular,contain nucleocapsid,either RNa or DNA but not both |
| specific chara. of heterotrophs is that they | OBTAIN CARBON FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS |
| Most important advantage of solid media over broth is | SPECIFIC COLONIES TO BE ISOLATED |
| sterilization indicates | AN ABSENCE OF LIFE |
| detergents primarily act on microbes by | DISOLVING THE LIPID MEMBRANES |
| the beta lactam ring of PCNs is destroyed by | B LACTAMASE |
| Antibiotic for TB | ISONIAZID |
| Antiherpes Rx | ACYCLOVIR |
| Antiviral that acts to stop uncoating is | AMANTADINE |
| Spread via aerosols | PNEUMONIC PLAGUE |
| Opsonizatioin is enhanced by | ANTIBODIES |
| Legionnaire's disease source | WATER COOLING TOWERS |
| Bacteria that have lost the ability to grow on a specific sugar | AUXOTROPHS |
| PCN Antibio. theraphy will be most effective against | STAPH & STREP |
| Mycobacteria are usually hard for the host to overcome cuz | HAVE A WAXY CELL WALL |
| principal cell killed by HIV | T HELPER OR CD4 |
| Varicella zoster virus is cause of | chicken pox |
| Hep B | DESTROYS LIVER CELLS |
| Kaposi's sarcoma is associated with infection by the | HIV |
| virus that contains reverse transcriptase | HIV |
| a protein that causes a given gene or operon to start expressing is called | INDUCER |
| Zoonotic transmission is observed for | SALMONELLOSIS |
| Infected woman is more likely that an infected man to miss recognizing this symptom | CHANCRE |
| a bacterial process of recombination that requires cell to cell contact | CONJUGATION |
| First proved the germ thery of disease | KOCH |
| Bacterial motility is produced by | FLAGELLA |
| A bacterium that only grows in the absence of oxygen | OBLIGATE ANAEROBE |
| Rapid growth of bacteria occurs in this phase | LOG PHASE |
| How do Cyanobacteria obtain their energy | PHOTOSYNTHESIS |
| Spontaneous changes in genes occurs because of | MUTAGENESIS |
| Component of the bacterial cell wall gives it its rigidity | PEPTIOGLYCAN |
| The most important cellular organelle in the destruction of a pathogen is the | LYSOSOME |
| Parts of bacterial flagella | basal body, flagellin, hook |
| Janssen, Hans & Zaccharias | invented first compound microscope |
| Hooke | (1665) Looked at cork via microscope Coined the word cell. Set the foundation for cell theory. |
| cell theory | states all living things are composd of cells |
| Van leeuwenhoek | 1670's & 80's first to observe & describe living microbes-"animalcules". His homemade microscope magnified a specimen up to 200-300x. |
| Linnaeus | 1735 developed a classification system-binomial nomenclature |
| binominal nomenclature | classification system (genus name+species name) |
| spontaneous generation | states living matter can appear out of no where |
| Francesco REDI | 1660s first to present evidence spontaneous generation false. cloth covered jars. Poor guy was ignored. |
| John NEEDHAM | 1740s showed proof spontaneous generation was true. he boiled nutrient solutions, yet when cooled stuff grew. |
| Lazzaro SPALLANZANI | showed that NEEDHAMS experiments where BS. that u seal the boiled flasks and nothing can grow. that there where stuff in the air. |
| Jenner | 1789 first vaccine (cow pox) |
| Semmelweis | 1840s first to suggest doctors wash their nasty hands |
| Louis Pasteur | developed the swan neck flask. disproved sponatenous generation. showed microorganisms are everywhere. put aseptic technique in the running stages. |
| Jospeh LISTER | 1860s disinfectants to clean surgical dressings and instruments. |
| Koch | One organism-one disease. First to establish pure-culture technique and to use agar as a growth medium. (koch postulates) |
| Ehrlich | Syphillis |
| Fleming | PCN |
| Domagk | Sulfa |
| 5 Kingdoms | Monera,Protista,Fungi,& Animalia |
| Microorganisms- all this kingdom | Monera (bacteria & cyanophytes) |
| one meter is ____ feet | 3.28ft is ____meter |
| resolution | refers to the ability to tell the diff of adjacent objects or structures as seperate & discrete entities |
| resolving power | of a microscope indicates the size of the smallest objects that can be clearly observed. |
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