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WVC F&E ch.14
wvc F& E ch 14 Iggy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is body fluid pH? | It is a measure of the body fluid's free hydrogen ion level. |
| What is the the normal pH range? | The normal pH range is 7.35 to 7.45 for arterial blood and from 7.31 to 7.41 for venous blood. |
| How is the pH value calculated? | The pH value is calculated as the negative logarithm of the concentration in milliequivalents per liter. |
| What is the range of pH solution? | The pH of a solution may range from 1 (as acidic as possible0 to 14 (as alkaline as possible), with 7 being neutral. |
| How does acid-base balance occur? | Acid-base balance occurs by matching the rate of hydrogen ion production with hydrogen ion loss. |
| What are acids? | Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (H2O). An acid in solution increases the amount of free hydrogen ions in that solution. |
| What is a base? | A base is a substance that binds free hydrogen ions in solution. Thus, bases are "hydrogen acceptors" that reduce the amount of free hydrogen ions in solution. |
| Buffers can... | Buffers can either release a hydrogen ion into a fluid or bind a hydrogen ion from a fluid. Buffers always try to bring the fluid as close as possible to the normal body fluid pH of 7.35 to 7.45. |
| Buffers can react in two ways... | Buffers dissolved in water can react in either: as an acid (releasing a hydrogen ion) or as a base (binding a hydrogen ion). |
| Which liquids are acidic? | Liquids with a pH ranging from 1.0 to 6.99 have more or stronger (or both) of bases. Making it acidic. |
| Which liquids are basic? | Liquids with a pH ranging from 7.01 to 14.0 have more or stronger (or both) bases compared with the amount or strength (or both) of acids. Making it basic. |
| When liquids are acidic... | it means that more free hydrogen ions are being released than bound, increasing the amount of free hydrogen ions. |
| When liquids are basic... | it means that more hydrogen ions are being bound than released, decreasing the amount of free hydrogen ions. |
| What is the most common base in human body fluid? | Bicarbonate (HCO3). |
| What is the most common acid in human body fluid? | Carbonic acid (H2CO3). |
| In health, | the body keeps these substances at a constant ration of one molecule of carbonic acid to 20 free bicarbonate ions (1.20). |
| The carbonic anhydrase equation. | CO2 + H2O ⇔ H2CO3 ⇔ H+ + HCO3. Carbon Water Carbonic Hydrogen Bicarbonate dioxide acid ion ion |
| Carbonic acid is... | not stable, and the body needs to keep a 1:20 ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate. |
| Where does the pH calculations come from? | pH calculations come from an equation that shows how three factors are related: the level of free hydrogen ions, the amount of bases, and the strength of acids in a solution. |
| When CO2 level of a liquid increases, | the pH drops, indicating more free hydrogen ions (more acidic). |
| When CO2 level of a liquid decreases, | the pH rises, indicating fewer free hydrogen ions (more alkaline). |
| An increase in bicarbonate causes... | the amount of hydrogen ions to decrease and the pH to increases or become more alkaline (basic). |
| An increase in the CO2 level causes... | the free hydrogen ion level to increase and the pH to decrease, or become more acidic. |
| What does carbohydrate metabolism form? | Carbon dioxide (CO2). |
| When does Incomplete breakdown of glucose occur? | Whenever cells metabolize under anaerobic (no oxygen) conditions, forms lactic acid. |
| What is the main buffer of the ECF? | Bicarbonate |
| Once bicarbonate is in the ECF, | it is kept at a level 20 times greater than that of carbonic acid. |
| What three things does homeostasis depend on? | 1. Hydrogen ion production is consistent and not excessive. 2. CO2 loss from the body through breathing keeps pace with hydrogen ion production. 3. The ration between carbonic acid and bicarbonate remains at 1:20. |
| What are buffers composed of? | Chemicals and proteins. |
| What are chemical buffers? | Chemical buffers are paired mixtures. Usually a weak base and an acid salt. Two most common chemical buffers are bicarbonate (active in ECF & ICF) and phosphate (active in ICF). |
| What are protein buffers? | They are the most common buffers. Both ICF and ECF proteins serve as buffers. Extracellular protein buffers are albumin and globulins. Major cell protein buffer is hemoglobin. |
| What is a major cell protein buffer? | Hemoglobin. |
| Which are extracellular protein buffers? | Albumin and globulins. |
| Chemical buffers alone cannot prevent changes in blood pH, SOOO | the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM is the second line of defense against changes. |
| Breathing controls... | the amount of free hydrogen ions by controlling the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in arterial blood. |
| When does hyperventilation (increased rate and depth of breathing) occur? | As the amount of CO2 begins to rise above normal in brain blood and tissues, central receptors trigger the neurons to increases the rate of breathing (hyperventilation). |
| As a result of hyperventilation... | more CO2 is exhaled ("blown off") from the lungs and the amount of CO2 in the ECF decreases. |
| A result of hypoventilation is? | Less CO2 is lost through the lungs and more CO2 is retained in arterial blood. |
| What are the three Acid-Base Regulatory Mechanisms? | 1. Chemical 2. Respiratory 3. Renal |
| Chemical Acid-Base Mechanism | Protein buffers (albumin, globulins, and hemoglobin) Chemical buffers (bicarbonate, phosphate) Very rapid response Can handle relatively small fluctuations in hydrogen ion production and elimination encountered under normal metabolic and health conditi |
| Respiratory Acid-Base Mechanism | Increased hydrogen ions or increased carbon dioxide-STIMULATES central respiratory neurons, leading to increased rate and depth of breathing, causing more carbon dioxide to be lost and decreasing the hydrogen ion concentration... |
| Cont. Respiratory Acid-Base Mechanism | Decreased hydrogen ions or decreased carbon dioxide-INHIBITS central respiratory neurons, leading to decreased rate ad depth of breathing, causing normally produced carbon dioxide to be retained, increasing the hydrogen ion concentration. |
| What is the "respiratory acid-base mechanism" function? | 2nd line of defense against changes and is primarily assist buffering systems when the fluctuation of hydrogen ion concentration is acute. |
| Renal Acid-Base Mechanism | Mechanisms to DECREASE pH. INCREASED renal excretion of bicarbonate. IINCREASED renal reabsorption of hydrogen ions. |
| Cont. Renal Acid-Base Mechanism | Mechanisms to INCREASE pH. DECREASED renal excretion of bicarbonate. DECREASED renal reabsorption of hydrogen ions. |
| Key characteristics of Renal Acid-Base Mechanism. | Most powerful regulator of acid-base balance. Responds to large or chronic fluctuations in hydrogen ion production or elimination. HOWEVER, SLOWEST response (hours to days). LONGEST DURATION. |
| What is the third line of defense against wide changes in body fluid pH? | Renal Acid-Base Control Mechanism. |
| Renal Acid-Base Mechanism... | are stronger for regulating acid-base balance but take longer. |
| What is the 1st renal control mechanism? | Kidney movement of bicarbonate. |
| What is the 2nd renal control mechanism? | Formation of acids. HPO42- draws hydrogen ions (+ charge) into urine, binds to phosphate ions, forming an acid H2PO4, which is excreted in the urine. |
| What is the 3rd renal control mechanism? | Formation of ammonium. The ammonia is secreted into the urine, where it can combine with hydrogen ions to form ammonium, which then traps they hydrogen ions to be excreted in the urine. Result=loss of hydrogen ion and an increases in blood pH. |
| What is the process of compensation? | Where the body adapts to attempt to correct changes in blood pH. |
| When does respiratory compensation occur? | Usually to correct for acid-base imbalances from metabolic problems. |
| When does renal compensation occur? | Renal compensation results when a healthy kidney works to correct for changes in blood pH that occur when the respiratory system either is overwhelmed or is not healthy. |
| Why is Partial compensation helpful? | It is helpful because it prevents the acid-base imbalance from becoming severe or life-threatening. |
| What are acid-base imbalances? | Acid-base imbalances are changes in the blood hydrogen ion level or pH. Imbalances in which blood pH is below normal reflect acidosis, and imbalances in which blood pH is above normal reflect alkalosis. |
| An actual acid excess results in... | acidosis by either overproducing acids (and release of hydrogen ions) or under-eliminating normally produced acids (retention of hydrogen ions). |
| In relative acidosis, | the amount of strength of acids does not increase. INstead, the amount of strength (or both) of the bases decreases (to create a base deficit), which makes the fluid relatively more acidic than basic. |
| The early manifestations of acidosis... | first appear in the musculoskeletal, cardiac, respiratory, and central nervous systems. |
| Common causes of acidosis... | METABOLIC ACIDOSIS-Overproduction of hydrogen ions...diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, hypermetabolism, heavy exercise, seizure activity, fever, hypoxia, ethanol intoxication, methanol ingestion. |
| More metabolic acidosis... | METABOLIC ACIDOSIS-Underelimination of hydrogen ions...renal failure. Underproductin of bicarbonate...renal failure, pancreatitis, liver failure, dehydration. Overelimination of bicarbonate...diarrhea, and buffering of organic acids. |
| RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS | Underelimination of hydrogen ions...respiratory depression, anesthetics, drugs, electrolyte imbalance, head or neck trauma, skeletal deformities, muscle weakness, obesity, airway obstruction, alveolar capillary block. |
| Ketoacids | product of excessive fatty acid breakdown are strong acids, which release large amounts of hydrogen ions. |
| Lactic acids | occurs when cells are forced to use glucose without adequate oxygen (anaerobic metabolism). They leave the cell, enter the blood, and releases hydrogen ions, causing acidosis. |
| Underelimination of hydrogen ions leads to... | acidosis when hydrogen ions are produced at the normal rate but are not removed at the same rate they are produced. |
| Underproduction of bicarbonate ions (base deficit) leads to... | acidosis when hydrogen ion production and removal are normal but too few bicarbonate ions are present to balance the hydrogen ions. |
| Overelimination of bicarbonate ions (base deficit) leads to... | acidosis when hydrogen ion production and removal are normal but too many bicarbonate ions have been lost. (e.i. diarrhea). |
| Airway obstruction prevents??? | Air movement into and out from the lungs and leads to poor gas exchange, CO2 retention, and ACIDOSIS. |
| ACIDOSIS KEY FEATURES | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MANIFESTATIONS: depressed activity (lethargy, confusion, stupor, coma) NEUROMUSCULAR MANIFESTATIONS: hyporelfexia, skeletal muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS: Delayed electrical conduction, hypotensi |
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