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112 bio lecture 3-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dynamic equilibrium | no net change (movement) of water in the cell. i.e. isotonic the same amount of water is moving into the cell as is moving out (isotonic) |
| Osmosis | the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane |
| Solution | a mixture of two or more dissolved substances |
| Solvent | in a mixture it is the greatest amount (often water) |
| Solute | in a mixture it is the lesser amount(s) dissolved into the solvent |
| Redox reaction | a chemical reaction where electrons are exchange\transfered |
| Reduced | in a chemical reaction an atom/substance that receives electron(s) is reduce, as in it's charge is reduced |
| Oxidized | in a redox reaction an atom\substance that loses electron(s) is oxidized |
| Isotonic | a solution that is neither hyper- nor hypo- tonic |
| pH | stands for the power of hydrogen, and is the measurement of the hydrogen ions(acid) in a given solution |
| Acid | anything that gives off, or increased the amount of, hydrogen ions in a solution\water |
| Base | anything that absorbs, or decreases the number of, H+ ions in a solution or gives off hydroxide ions (OH-) |
| Salt (AABC) | the (A)nion of an (A)cid and a (B)ase's (C)ation. a compound derived from the reaction of an acid and a base |
| Electrolytes | ions found in water that are essential for biochemical reactions in the body |
| Buffer system | a biological system in the body that helps maintain homeostasis by reacting to the acid\base amounts in the blood\body |
| Macromolecule | a large molecule (polymer)composed of many smaller sub-units (monomers) example: proteins |
| Polymer | a large molecule (macromolecule)composed of many monomers |
| Monomer | a single molecule as in a sub-unit of a polymer i.e. an amino acid in a protein |
| Dehydration synthesis reaction | the removal of water in order to synthesize (make) something |
| Hydrolysis reaction | the breaking apart of a substrate by the addition of a water molecule |
| Reactants | in a chemical reaction it is the substances reacting together |
| Products | in a chemical reaction it is the outcome (substance(s) made) |
| Five types of chemical reactions | Synthesis, Decomposition, Redox, Singe replacement and Double replacement |
| Synthesis reaction | two or more simple substances are joined to form a more complex substance. This requires energy on the reactant side and is called an anabolic reaction. (combination) |
| Decomposition reaction | large substance is being broken into simpler substances; energy can be released on the products side. This reaction is catabolic. |
| Single replacement reaction | AB + C -> CB + A; The “A” has been replaced by the “C,” both A and C are positive ions (cations) so one positive ion has replaced another. These reactions are always redox. |
| Double replacement reaction | AB + CD -> CB + AD; The two positive ions, A and C, have merely switched positions (I call this “wife swapping”; you probably won’t) and formed two new substances. This is never redox. |
| Redox reaction | a reaction where electrons are exchanged |
| Isotope | atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons |
| Valence electrons | electrons in the outermost energy levels (shells) |
| Octet rule | all of the A group elements except 1-5 will gain or lose(by chemically bonding) electrons until they have eight valence electrons thus are stable |
| 5 essential characteristics of water | 1) high specific heat 2) cohesion and surface tension 3) adhesion to other molecules 4) high heats of vaporisation and fusion 5) density of 1 gram\milliliter |
| Organic molecule | a molecule with at least two or more Carbon atoms bonded together |
| Growth and development | all organisms pass though growth stages to reach their genetically programed size |
| Why is carbon important in biology? | it has 4 valence electrons. therefore it can bond with a large number of different atoms |
| Alkane | a straight, or branched, carbon molecule having only single covalent bonds between the carbons. The carbons are bonded either to each other or to hydrogen atoms and are thus called hydrocarbons |
| Alkene | an organic molecule with double covalent bonds between some carbon atoms |
| Alkyne | an organic molecule with triple covalent bonds between some carbon atoms |
| Alkyl group | a group of atoms that can be attached to a larger molecule (side chain) drop the suffix add -yl |
| The seven major functional groups | Alcohols, Carbolic acids, Ether, Ketones, Aldehyde, Ester and Amine |
| Alcohols | Contain a hydroxide group (-OH) attached to the molecule |
| Carboxylic acids | Contain a carboxylic group (-COOH) attached to the molecule |
| Ether | two organic groups are attached directly to an oxygen atom, (R-O-R) |
| Ketones | has an oxygen double bonded in the middle of the molecule |
| Aldehyde | has an oxygen double bonded at the end of the molecule |
| Ester | has a carbon in the molecule single bonded to one oxygen and double bonded to another |
| Amine | has an –NH2 group bonded to an end carbon |
| The six basic biological macromolecules | Proteins, Carbohydrates, DNA, RNA, Lipids and ATP |
| Protein | A specific protein is composed of a specific number of amino acids (monomers) in a specific order |
| amino acid | -NH2 = an amino group; -COOH = a carboxylic acid group; -R = the remainder group |
| What is the difference between a ketone and an aldehyde? | one has the carbon-oxygen double bond at the end of the molecule (Aldehyde) and the other has it in the middle of the molecule (ketone) |
| What is the difference between a carboxylic acid and an aldehyde? | a carboxylic acid has an additional oxygen |
| What is the difference between a ketone and a ester? | an ester has an additional oxygen attached to the carbon |
| Define Homeostasis | the body’s self regulating mechanisms to stay within the parameters of life |
| Define Growth and development | All life goes though a series of genetically determined stages until it reaches its programed size |
| Define Metabolism | the total of all chemical reactions in the body.the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its material substance is produced, maintained, and destroyed, and by which energy is made available |
| Define Responds to stimuli | must be able to sense what is in their environment and react appropriately |
| Define Evolution | species of organisms must have the ability to evolve (change gene frequency over time |
| Primary protein structure | A chain of specific Amino acids in a specific order |
| Secondary protein structure | The folding patterns that are common to many proteins.(Two basic folding patterns are the Alpha helix and the Beta pleated sheet) |
| Tertiary protein structure | All of the folds in a single polypeptide. The rest of the folds that compose a completed protein |
| Quaternary protein structure | two or more tertiary proteins join together |
| Starch | a simple chain of glucose bonded together (used for energy) |
| Glycogen | a highly branched chain of glucose (used for energy) |
| Cellulose | A simple chain of glucose bonded together (used for structure and support) |
| Types of Carbohydrates | Sugars, starches, Glycogen, Cellulose |
| ATP | Adenosine TriPhosphate the energy molecule of cells. |
| Sugars | A class of energy rich carbohydrates: Fructose, Glucose Lactose ect... |
| Nucleotide | A nucleotide is the base unit of DNA, RNA, and ATP. A nucleotide consists of three parts; a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base; the nitrogen base is always bonded to the sugar, never to the phosphate group |
| Lipids | A group of molecules consisting of Oils, Fats, Waxes and Sterols |
| Triglyceride | The more common type of lipid that consists of a glycerol, three carboxylic acids and three fats. |
| the direction DNA always synthesized | a 5' prime to 3' prime direction. |
| Cholesterol | Cholesterol is an essential part of cell membranes and is used to produce vitamins (V-D3 from sunlight) and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone to name two) |
| phospholipids | an essential lipid that makes up most of an animal cell membrane. consists of a glycerol molecule two fatty acids and a phosphate group that is charged |
| the 5 nitrogen bases | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil |
| Three types of RNA | mRNA messenger RNA, tRNA transfer RNA, and rRNA ribosomal RNA |
| Messenger RNA | |
| Functions of lipids | long term energy storage, cell membrane structure, padding and insulation for organs |
Created by:
joeschneider
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