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wvc F&E study guide
WVC F&E study guide
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Homeostasis | Maintaining a constant balance in normal body states. |
Intracellular | Portion of total body water (about 2/3) that’s found inside cells. |
Extracellular | Portion of total body water (about 1/3) that’s in the space outside cells. |
Intravascular | In the blood circulation system. |
Solvent | The water portion of fluids. |
Solute | The particles dissolved or suspended in the water. |
Filtration | Movement of fluid through a cell or blood vessel membrane because of hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of the membrane. |
Hydrostatic Pressure | The force of the weight of water molecules pressing against the confining walls of a space. |
Viscosity | Thickness |
Permeable | The quality of being porous. |
Equilibrium/Disequilibrium | If hydrostatic pressure is either the same or not the same, in 2 fluid spaces. There is either a pressure difference between the 2 spaces or not. |
Osmosis | Movement of water only through a selectively permeable membrane. |
Concentration of a Solute | Is measured in milliosmoles: overall concentration of particles in a solution helps determine whether and how fast osmosis occurs. |
Osmolarity | Number of milliosmoles in a liter of a solution. |
Osmolarity | Number of milliosmoles in a kilogram of a solution. |
Isomotic | Having the same osmotic pressures. |
Isotonic (normotonic) | Having the same osmotic pressures. |
Hypertonic (hyperosmotic) | Fluids with osmolarities greater than 300 mOsm/L |
Hypotonic (hypo-osmotic) | Fluids with osmolarities of less than 270 mOsm/L |
Filtration | Movement of fluid through a cell or blood vessel membrane because of hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of the membrane. |
Diffusion | Spontaneous free movement of particles across a permeable membrane down a concentrated gradient. |
Active Transport | Movement of a substance across a barrier against a concentration gradient using energy. |
Aldosterone is secreted from | The adrenal cortex. |
The release of aldosterone is stimulated by | Whenever the sodium level in ECF is decreased; prevents both water and sodium loss. |
Main organ the body uses to help regulate fluid | The kidneys. |
ADH is secreted by | The hypothalamus |
ADH is stimulated by | Response to changes in blood osmolarity. |
ANP is stimulated by | In response to increased blood volume & blood pressure. |
Minimum amount of urine the kidneys should lose a day | 400-600 mL a day to excrete toxic waste products. |
Insensible Fluid Loss | Water loss from skin, lungs, stool. |
Electrolytes | Substances in body fluids that carry an electrical charge. |
Basic Metabolic Panel of Sodium | 136-145 mEq/L |
Basic Metabolic Panel of Potassium | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
Basic Metabolic Panel of Chloride | 98-106 mEq/L |
Basic Metabolic Panel of Glucose | 50-100, fasting |
Basic Metabolic Panel of Calcium | 9.0-10.5 mg/dL |
Basic Metabolic Panel of BUN | 10-20 mg/dL, affected by body fluid levels |
Basic Metabolic Panel of Creatinine | 0.5-1.2 mg/dL |
Basic Metabolic Panel of CO2 | 23-30 mEq/L |
Sodium | Major cation in ECF. |
Sodium regulated by | kidney under influences of aldosterone, ADH, & natriuretic peptide. |
Functions of Sodium | vital for skeletal muscle contraction, cardiac contraction, nerve impulse transmission, normal osmolarity & volume of ECF. |
Hyponatremia | Serum sodium level below 136 mEq/L. |
Causes of hyponatremia | diuretics, NPO, renal disease, excessive diaphoresis, wound drainage. |
Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia | Acute confusion, muscle weakness in legs & arms, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, rapid and weak, thread pulse. |
Hypernatremia | Serum sodium level over 145 mEq/L. |
Causes of Hypernatremia | Renal failure, corticosteroids, excessive oral sodium ingestion |
Signs and Symptoms of Hypernatremia | Short attention span, confusion, muscle twitching, muscle weakness, slow to normal bounding pulses, increased BP. |
Dietary sources of sodium | processed or preserved foods, ham, smoked or pickled meats, snack foods, condiments, salt, soy sauce, relishes. |
Major cation of ICF | Potassium |
Function of Potassium | Regulating protein synthesis, glucose use and storage, helps control intracellular osmolarity & volume. |
Potassium is regulated by | Sodium potassium pump |
Hypokalemia | Serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L |
Causes of Hypokalemia | Excessive use of diuretics, Digitalis, corticosteroids, diarrhea, vomiting, NPO, wound drainage. |
Signs & Symptoms of Hypokalemia | Confusion, lethargic, rapid heart rate. |
Hyperkalemia | Serum potassium of above 5.0 mEq/L |
Causes of Hyperkalemia | Oral ingestion of potassium containing foods, salt substitutes, renal failure, potassium sparing diuretics. |
Signs & Symptoms of Hyperkalemia | muscle cramps, decreased output of urine, respiratory distress, decreased cardiac, EKG changes, reflexes hyperactive. |
Dietary Sources of Potassium | Meats, dairy products, dried fruit, bananas, kiwi, dried beans or peas, spinach, lima beans. |
Most abundant cation; stored in teeth and bones | Calcium |
Function of Calcium | Maintains bone strength and density, activates enzymes, allows blood clotting. |
Calcium is regulated by | Parathyroid gland |