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wvc F&E study guide
WVC F&E study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | Maintaining a constant balance in normal body states. |
| Intracellular | Portion of total body water (about 2/3) that’s found inside cells. |
| Extracellular | Portion of total body water (about 1/3) that’s in the space outside cells. |
| Intravascular | In the blood circulation system. |
| Solvent | The water portion of fluids. |
| Solute | The particles dissolved or suspended in the water. |
| Filtration | Movement of fluid through a cell or blood vessel membrane because of hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of the membrane. |
| Hydrostatic Pressure | The force of the weight of water molecules pressing against the confining walls of a space. |
| Viscosity | Thickness |
| Permeable | The quality of being porous. |
| Equilibrium/Disequilibrium | If hydrostatic pressure is either the same or not the same, in 2 fluid spaces. There is either a pressure difference between the 2 spaces or not. |
| Osmosis | Movement of water only through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Concentration of a Solute | Is measured in milliosmoles: overall concentration of particles in a solution helps determine whether and how fast osmosis occurs. |
| Osmolarity | Number of milliosmoles in a liter of a solution. |
| Osmolarity | Number of milliosmoles in a kilogram of a solution. |
| Isomotic | Having the same osmotic pressures. |
| Isotonic (normotonic) | Having the same osmotic pressures. |
| Hypertonic (hyperosmotic) | Fluids with osmolarities greater than 300 mOsm/L |
| Hypotonic (hypo-osmotic) | Fluids with osmolarities of less than 270 mOsm/L |
| Filtration | Movement of fluid through a cell or blood vessel membrane because of hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of the membrane. |
| Diffusion | Spontaneous free movement of particles across a permeable membrane down a concentrated gradient. |
| Active Transport | Movement of a substance across a barrier against a concentration gradient using energy. |
| Aldosterone is secreted from | The adrenal cortex. |
| The release of aldosterone is stimulated by | Whenever the sodium level in ECF is decreased; prevents both water and sodium loss. |
| Main organ the body uses to help regulate fluid | The kidneys. |
| ADH is secreted by | The hypothalamus |
| ADH is stimulated by | Response to changes in blood osmolarity. |
| ANP is stimulated by | In response to increased blood volume & blood pressure. |
| Minimum amount of urine the kidneys should lose a day | 400-600 mL a day to excrete toxic waste products. |
| Insensible Fluid Loss | Water loss from skin, lungs, stool. |
| Electrolytes | Substances in body fluids that carry an electrical charge. |
| Basic Metabolic Panel of Sodium | 136-145 mEq/L |
| Basic Metabolic Panel of Potassium | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
| Basic Metabolic Panel of Chloride | 98-106 mEq/L |
| Basic Metabolic Panel of Glucose | 50-100, fasting |
| Basic Metabolic Panel of Calcium | 9.0-10.5 mg/dL |
| Basic Metabolic Panel of BUN | 10-20 mg/dL, affected by body fluid levels |
| Basic Metabolic Panel of Creatinine | 0.5-1.2 mg/dL |
| Basic Metabolic Panel of CO2 | 23-30 mEq/L |
| Sodium | Major cation in ECF. |
| Sodium regulated by | kidney under influences of aldosterone, ADH, & natriuretic peptide. |
| Functions of Sodium | vital for skeletal muscle contraction, cardiac contraction, nerve impulse transmission, normal osmolarity & volume of ECF. |
| Hyponatremia | Serum sodium level below 136 mEq/L. |
| Causes of hyponatremia | diuretics, NPO, renal disease, excessive diaphoresis, wound drainage. |
| Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia | Acute confusion, muscle weakness in legs & arms, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, rapid and weak, thread pulse. |
| Hypernatremia | Serum sodium level over 145 mEq/L. |
| Causes of Hypernatremia | Renal failure, corticosteroids, excessive oral sodium ingestion |
| Signs and Symptoms of Hypernatremia | Short attention span, confusion, muscle twitching, muscle weakness, slow to normal bounding pulses, increased BP. |
| Dietary sources of sodium | processed or preserved foods, ham, smoked or pickled meats, snack foods, condiments, salt, soy sauce, relishes. |
| Major cation of ICF | Potassium |
| Function of Potassium | Regulating protein synthesis, glucose use and storage, helps control intracellular osmolarity & volume. |
| Potassium is regulated by | Sodium potassium pump |
| Hypokalemia | Serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L |
| Causes of Hypokalemia | Excessive use of diuretics, Digitalis, corticosteroids, diarrhea, vomiting, NPO, wound drainage. |
| Signs & Symptoms of Hypokalemia | Confusion, lethargic, rapid heart rate. |
| Hyperkalemia | Serum potassium of above 5.0 mEq/L |
| Causes of Hyperkalemia | Oral ingestion of potassium containing foods, salt substitutes, renal failure, potassium sparing diuretics. |
| Signs & Symptoms of Hyperkalemia | muscle cramps, decreased output of urine, respiratory distress, decreased cardiac, EKG changes, reflexes hyperactive. |
| Dietary Sources of Potassium | Meats, dairy products, dried fruit, bananas, kiwi, dried beans or peas, spinach, lima beans. |
| Most abundant cation; stored in teeth and bones | Calcium |
| Function of Calcium | Maintains bone strength and density, activates enzymes, allows blood clotting. |
| Calcium is regulated by | Parathyroid gland |
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