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Geol 1610 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What technology do scientists use to map ocean floors | echo sounders |
| Which one of the following is NOT part of a passive continental margin | continental trench |
| Extinct volcanoes that "dot" the ocean basin floor are called | seamounts |
| Seafloor sediments may be classified as terrigeneous, hydrogenous, or | biogeneous |
| the deepest portions of the ocean are part of the relatively narrow features called submarine canyons | false |
| in a few locations such as Iceland, the mid-ocean ridge actually extends above sea level | true |
| in an active continental margin, the shelf is _______ than in a passive continental margin | narrower |
| when an earthquake ocurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source. The source is also referred to as the ________. | focus |
| which one of the following statements is true concerning primary waves? | travel faster than s waves |
| the amount of destruction caused by earthqyake vibrations is affected by ________. | the desgin of structures, the intensity and duration of the vibrations, and the nature of the surface material |
| Earth's rigid outer shell, consisting of crustal rocks and a portion of the upper mantle, is referred to as the _______. | lithosphere |
| the mechanism by which rocks store and eventually release energy in the form of an earthquake is referred to as __________. | elastic rebound |
| the zone in the upper mantle consisting of hot, weak rock that is easily deformed is the __________. | asthhenosphere |
| the distance between a seismological recording station and the earthquake source is determined from the | arrival time of P and S waves |
| Most earthquakes originate at depths less than 100 km | true |
| Data from at least _____ seismic stations are required to locate the epicenter of an earthquake | 3 |
| _____ is the measure of the effects of an earthquake at a particular location. | intensity |
| Most of our knowledge about Earth's interior comes from | seismic waves |
| what is a seismic shadow zone? | a zone where no seismic energy arrives |
| continental crust is thicker and ______ than oceanic crust | less dense |
| the Moho is the boundary between the _____ | crust and mantle |
| which of the Earth's layers has the largest volume? | mantle |
| what can we infer from S wave shadow zones? | Earth's outer core is liquid |
| _____________ was a German scientist who compiled evidence for continental drift in the early 1900s. | Wegener |
| Technological advances in the 1960s enabled scientists to drill and date ocean crust. This research supported plate tectonics by showing that ____________________. | the age of oceanic crust increases away from spreading ridges |
| the "hot spot" model has been used to explain intraplate volcanism such as the Hawaiin Islands. What is the premise of this model? | mobile lithosphere overrides a stationary hot spot |
| what is the name for a series of earthquake foci along a plate descending into the mantle? | Wadati-Benioff |
| what is the geologic definition of stress? | force divided by area |
| plates slide past one another, producing __________ stress, at transform boundaries. | shear |
| which of the following is not evidence for continental drift? | different fossils on continents presently separated |
| folds arched upward are called_____. | anticlines |
| Volcanic islands form at ______ convergent boundaries. | oceanic-oceanic |
| a ________ is a downwarp or trough in a rock layer. | syncline |
| In subduction zones, sediments are scraped off the descending oceanic plate and piled up in front of the overriding plate producing a(n) _________. | accretionary wedge |
| the Himalayan mountains were produced along a _______ boundary. | convergent (continental-continental) |
| subduction zones are associated with ________. | convergent plate boundaries |
| _____ dip slip faults accommodate compression. | reverse |
| when oceanic lithosphere collides with continental lithosphere, which one will most likely descend into the mantle? | oceanic |
| a _________ is a fracture without displacement. | joint |
| the Black Hills of South Dakota are a good example of a(n) _________. | dome |
| the parent-to-daughter ratio in a rock sample is 1:1 (50% of the parent rock remains in the sample). Given a half life of 2 billion years, how old is the rock? | 2 billion years old |
| A(n) _________ is a surface of erosion or non deposition that represents a gap in geologic time. | unconformity |
| a feature that cuts through a rock must be _______ than the rock. | younger |
| a piece of rock contained inside a larger rock is ________ than the larger rock. | older |
| in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, the rocks are progressively younger in the _______ direction. | upward |
| Absolute dating is accomplished with _______. | radioactivity |
| which one of the following statements is generally true? | parent-daughter pairs with short half lives are not useful for dating old samples. |
| what is the name of the instrument that gives the ratio of parent to daughter in a rock sample? | mass spectrometer |
| one of the assumptions of radiometric dating is that | there was no daughter product present when the sample formed |
| Consider three rock unites, A, B, and C. Units A and B are sedimentary rock layers, and C is a sill that contains pieces of A and B. Given only the preceding information, which one of the following must be true? | C formed after both A and B |
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