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anthrofinal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bands | small group of kin related households, come together ad hoc basis, less than 100 people, nomadic, no formal government, generalized reciprocity, inuit |
| tribes | group of independent communities that are organized by a unifying factor ex lineages or clans for security or sharing, farming or herding, hundreds of people, balanced reciprocity, nuer |
| chiefdom | two or more local groups organized under a single chief, hierarchy of people, fixed area, hereditary leadership, thousands, rank socieites, polynesia, tahiti, arika |
| state | centralized political power with legitimate use of force, , class system, over tens of thousands of people, social stratification |
| types of power in chiefdoms | ideological, economic and military |
| ideological power | ideas and values used to strategically create social inequality ex put themselves higher or dress differently |
| economic power | control over basic resources to create inequality, control over eating and living situation eg water |
| military power | use of violence to create inequality, |
| cycle of inequality | craft production>feasting>ceremonialism>agricultural intensification>warfare>control basic resources> if someone controls one aspect, have more power, can become chief |
| nuclear family | core of 4 or 5 people, two parents and their children |
| extended family | not necessarily everyone you are related to , people who live together and share a household |
| peasant families | family is unit of production and consumption |
| chayanov dependency ratio | consumption:work-peasants avoid fatigue, work only to fulfill consumption needs |
| endogamy | marrying within a group |
| exogamy | marrying outside your group |
| marriage | defined in terms of propery, offspring, political relations |
| community | small groups within a society that are seen to share some essence |
| raymond williams view of community | community points to actual groups, society is general, always a positive term with positive connotations |
| study of community in latin america | people who self identified as part of a community had to do things to benefit the whole, fiestas or tequio |
| tepoztlan | commonly studied communities separated by different churches and different neighborhoods |
| closed corporate community | mexico, eric wolf argued there was no internal essence causing people to be a part of a community but rather relational or historical aspects |
| biology of sex | male bodies differ from female bodies women are more selective and monogamous because pregnancy is a larger investment, women have shorter reproductive life and pregnancy and breastfeeding limits mobility |
| intersex | noticed in 1 and 2000 words |
| sex continuum | where does male end and female begin, social construct |
| gender | the cultural construction of male and female characteristics |
| gender roles | the appropriate activities for a certain gender to partake in |
| gender stratification | accepted social inequality in a society |
| gender roles of men | heavy work, hunting, warfare, public activities, running government |
| gender roles of women | gathering, childrearing, domestic activites |
| public vs private roles | outside world vs home, less in egalitarian, more in stratified, public activities carry more prestige, men deal with public, women with private |
| patriarchy | full fledged gender stratification, men hold power and control resources, no social movement, violence to maintain stratification |
| ritualized homosexuality | etero people of papua new ginea, studied by Raymond Kelley, men had sex with men and women, semen was life force, turned boys into men |
| MSM | male sex with men, gebusi of papua new guinea, researched by bruce knauft, in 1980s not governed by strict rules, sex was celebrated, by 2000 it wasnt seen or talked about, because of missionaries and outside influences |
| magic | using supernatural techniques to achieve specific goals |
| "Magic, Science, Religion" | written by bronislaw malinowski, looked at magic and science in the trobriands, used technology in safe lagoons, and magic in dangerous seas |
| ritual | repetitive, formalized, perforative behavior, social activity, not always religious |
| totemism | natural order of the world organizes social order, social groups associate themselves with a plant or animal(totem) create unity |
| revitalization movements | revolution, search for new order, generally has a charismatic leader or preacher, calls for deep changes |
| cargo cults | great magical value associated to euro-american goods, valued goods that westerners brought |
| john frum | studied vanuatu, had airplane dances to get goods |
| ghost dance | started by jack wilson(wovoka) in late 1800's , native americans against white settlers, whites outlawed the dance |
| water temples in bali | J Stephen Lansing in 1991 wrote "Priests and Programmers", in society each social unit has a temple, bali is rice terraces, sawah |
| subaks | local organizations of irrigators sharing a local infrastructure, including water temples , dams diverge and thats where water temples are , form organization centers, needed for irrigation and pest control |
| hydrological interdependency | term lansing coined, work together to decide when to flood different dystems |
| liberalism | modern political philosophy upholding individual liberty rights |
| universalism | all humans share same rights in all regards in every government |
| relativism | culturally specific understanding, each culture has different rights |
| moral imperialism | book by laura nadar, talks about how rights are decided by the imperial west, dont take other cultures into account, ex islam law |
| sugar | sidney mintz wrote sweetness and power, produced in colonies and transported to europe, fueled slave trade moved from luxury to staple food, was at first only for high class, but not anymore, still a symbol of privelege though |
| coffee | not in plantations like sugar, had "yuppie coffeees" and coffeee houses as hubs of society |
| milk | most humans are lactose intolerant, lactase persistnce is in northern europe and northeastern africa , melanie de puis wrote nature's perfect food, historically a tiny part of diet, emerged in 19th century |
| popular concept of development | process that happens on its own or project |
| academic concept of development | economic work(SAPS), political social and cultural change, and positive connotation a project to enact progress |
| intransitive development | happens by itself |
| transitive development | agent causes change |
| negative aspect of development | marx says capitalism leads to crisis, causes creative destruction(joseph schumpeter) |
| development in aspect | helped with growth and production, but spurred the mexican revolution |
| irrigated agriculture in mexico | government provided subsidies so farmers could farm cotton, flourished and prospered, but i 1960's the cotton prices fell and the project failed |
| crisis of irrigated agriculture in mexico | cotton prices fell, pest problems, soil degradation, mexican peso devaluation, centralization of government, privatization of land |
| centralization of government | sucked the power in, didnt supply farmers with anything, left everything up to individual, looked at demand side(increasing and decreasing demand) not supply side |
| privatization | government giving/selling its property to individuals to deal with ex. land and water |
| neoliberalism | state intervention should be minimal, markets are best mechanisms for economy |
| neoliberal water management | en-cultured people to conserve/use less water rather than supplying more water |
| programa cultura de agua | in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico-taught people, especially children to be water conscious, reduce waste and be environmentally coscious |
| Propaganda of municipal water suppliers in mexico | phrase"they'll cut you off", classroom visits, water detectives, gifts |
| what are the 2 viewpoints of mexican economy | corporatism, neoliberalism, magazine wonders if there is something else(ex being a part of something bigger than yourself" |
| ideal vision | different than ideology |
| public sociality | how the soccer fans live and respond to eachother |
| the crumbling pyramid | society that looks like a pyramid with president on top, but it is unstable, young people are trying to find their place in relation to their period, don't fit anywhere |
| el desmadre | disorder, improvisation, craziness but planned and predictable that the young men in porra's will do |
| porra plus | soccer fan club that supports the pumas |
| the ideal vision of pumas fans | against clientalism and corruption(taking bribes from nike), heartfelt expression, all about the game and support |
| la rebel at first | faction that breaks off of porra plus, has lots of desmadre, is agains the corruption and politicism of porra plus |
| la rebel in the end | becomes institutionalized, becomes a business, old vices return |
| moka | the act of giving/receiving lavish gifts |
| big men | men of high status and prestige and wealth(ongka) through personal achievement, melanesia and new guinea |
| the Na people | live in southwest china, dont have marriage at all, men secretly have sex with women, no husbands/fathers |
| functions of marriage | way societies arrange for care of children, exchange of products between men and women and extending social alliances |
| incest taboo | prohibits some people from having sex with others, varies in cultures. reasons: genetically unfavorable, malinowski thought it would disrupt family cohesiveness |
| alliance theory | levi-strauss said this taboo forces people to marry outside the family, which is socially beneficial |
| exogamy | marrying outside of your group, arapesh in new guinea |
| endogamy | marrying within a group(caste or social class or race or religion) |
| cross cousin marriage | preferred parters are kinship of ones paretns siblings |
| parallel cousin marriage | preffereed partners are same sex siblings of parents |
| levirate | man would have to marry his brothers widow |
| sororate | woman marries sisters widower |
| monogamy | one man+one woman in marriage |
| polygamy | plural marriage |
| polygyny | one man, several women. common in cultures where women are important, Tiwi of Australia because women gather food |
| polyandry | one wife, several men. rare, found in tibet, nepal and india, because of shortage of land. Toda practice this where woman would marry brothers |
| arranged marriages | families choose spouses for children |
| bride service | common in foraging societies, husband works for wife's family for many years in exchange for marriage. Ju'/hoansi of kalahari desert practice this |
| bride wealth | cash given from grooms kin to wife's kin(bride price) found in africa, kipsigis do it |
| dowry | brides family to husbands family, found in european peasantry |
| serial monogamy | divorce and remarriage |
| blended families | divorced spouses, new marriage partners, children etc... |
| composite families | aggregates of nuclear families where a man has numerous wives in different houses, visits each seperately |
| conjugality | relationship between husband and wife |
| extended family | based on blood more importantly than marriage |
| patrilinieal | lineage is arranged through males(nuer people) |
| matrilineal | lineage is structured by females(hopi in american southwest) |
| consanguineal family | where the blood relations extend over three or more generations |
| neolocal residency | where married couples leave their homes to form a new home, only 5% of societies practice this |
| patrilocal residence | aka virilocality, couple live with grooms family |
| matrilocal residence | uxorilocal, couple live with wives family |
| avunvulocal residence | couple lives with wives uncles family |
| bilocal residence | choose between living with wife or husbands family |
| kinship | relationships through blood or marriage, determines the formation of social groups |
| kinship system | basis for classification of people, structures indivudual rights and obligations and regulates behavior-important in small scale societies |
| inheritance | transmission of property |
| successsion | transmission of social status |
| descent | |
| descent group | group of consanguineal kin who are lineal descendants of a common ancestor extending beyond two generations |
| unilineal descent | kinship ideology based on either maternal or paternal line not both |
| corporate descent groups | units that exist beyond individuals that own property and resources(family business) |
| lineage | kin groups whose members can trace descent from a common ancestor |
| double descent | person belongs to both lineages of mom and dad, yako of nigeria, bilateral is when they are used equally |
| kindreds | network of kin, unique to everyone |
| ambilineal | choice to affiliate with mom or dad, but not both |
| ego | person who a kinship diagram is centered on |
| 7 principles of kinship | generation, relative age, lineality vs collaterality, gender, consanguineal vs affinal, sex of linking relative, bifurcation |
| relative age | if seniority counts(younger vs older brother) |
| lineal kin | single line(gpa-dad-son) |
| collateral kin | includes siblings and cousins |
| consanguinal | relatives by blood |
| affinal | relatives by marriage |
| bifurcation | distinguishing moms bro from dads bro(in-laws) |
| hijaras | intersex people in india, considered genderles |
| sex | biological difference between man and woman |
| gender ideology | totality of ideas about sex, gender, nature of men and women |
| sambia of new guinea(sex) | favor homosexuality, believe women are polluting createures, men become strong with semen |
| inis beag(sex) | very sexually naive, never talk about sex, high celibacy |
| mangaia(sex) | polynesia, sex is taught, accepted and assumed |
| rites of passage | transition from one social status to another in usually a public ceremony |
| manhood puzzle | why there is a widespread need to publicly test and approve one's manhood |
| gender stratification | inequality of gender |
| private public dichotomy | female subordination is based on women's roles as mothers and homemakers, never in public eye, never given recognition, true in 19th century capitalist societie |
| patriarchy | male dominant socieites |
| foraging socieites & gender | agta of philippines, women do hunting, have power. tlingit, women have equal power and prestige |
| horticulture societies and gender | mundurucu of south america, men are part of cult and dont live with women nukumana of polynesia, women had power when they grew taro, but now taro is unimportant and their roles became meaningless |
| pastoral and agriculture | in pastoral, women are minor. tuareg of central sahara is matrilineal though with women carrying prestige. in agricultural, the more women's roles value, the higher their prestige |
| dagongmei | young women workers in china from ngai, live in dirty dormitories and have 15 hour days, exploited |
| asante state | in Ghana. political power associated with wealth, royal family was uber wealthy, society was based around exploiting poor for benefit of rich |
| political organization | refers to the ways in which power is used in societies so they can maintain themselves collectively over time |
| power | ability to make someone do something |
| authority | socially acceptable use of power |
| political ideology | shared values and beliefs that legitimize the distribution and use of power and authority |
| political process | how groups and individuals use power and authority to achieve public goals |
| factions | informal alliances within a group or society |
| rebellion | attempt of one group to reallocate power |
| revolution | attempt to overthrow existing political structure and put another in its place |
| social complexity | degree to which political roles, institutions and processes are centralized and differentiated from or embedded within social institutuions |
| leadership | ability to direct an enterprise |
| elman service | identified four main types of societies:bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states |
| social differentiation | relative access individuals have to basic material resources, wealth, power and prestige |
| egalitarian | noone is barred from resources |
| rank | recognize differences among individuals in relation to prestige |
| stratified | social inequality |
| elites | people who have access to resources and are possessive of them |
| age set | group of people of similar age and sex who move through some of lifes stages together |
| age grades | when individuals follow a progression of statuses through adulthood(maasai of kenya) |
| secret societies | poro society or sande society in west africa |
| compensation | payment demanded by aggravated party to compensate for damage(conflict resolution) |
| mediation | form of tribal conflict management, kpelle of west agrica |
| yanomamo | of amazon, tribe in venezuela and brazil, violence is central to gov |
| acephalous | no centralized government |
| citizenship | person invested in the state |
| government | status roles separated from other aspects of social organization |
| bureaucracy | hierarchy characterized by specialization of fucntin and fixed rules |
| deviants | those who transgress societies rules |
| law | social control implemented by authority |
| religion | social institution characterized by sacred stories, symbols, supernatural beings, rituals, means of contacting the supernatural and specific practitioners |
| animism | belief that all living and nonliving things are imbued with spirit |
| functions of religion | search for order and meaing, reducing anxiety and increasing control, reinforcing or challenging social order |
| cosmology | framework for interpreting events and experieces |
| magical death | practiced in melanesia, sorcerer "magically kills someone" but usually this happens due to starvation or heart attack |
| myths | sacred narratives that describe and explain the cosmos and are means of communication, may be stories of deeds or historic events or explanations ex why hopi grow blue corn |
| god/deity | used for a named spirit to have created or have somme control of the world |
| polytheism | many gods |
| monotheism | one god |
| mana | powerful supernatural quality, pacific |
| veterans of colonial armies | rich warms a peace corp volunteer in burkina faso found out about all these africans used to fight in colonial armies in ww1 and 2 and vietnam |
| tirailleurs senegalais | senegalese riflemen who fought for the french |
| 16th century expansion | massive and widescale, european taking over, spread of chrisianity and desire for wealth |
| monoculture plantation | plantation growing a single stock to be sold in market |
| joint stock company | company with central board of managers but owned by stockholders |
| pillage | looting valuables without pay and by force |
| forced labor | notably african slavery, extremely profitable, created warfare and poverty |
| dutch east india company | VOC chartered by dutch government, held monopoly on dutch trade |
| heeren XVII | seventeen men who headed VOC |
| colonies | geographically separated areas and political units controlled and maintained politically by other nations |
| colonization post industrial revolution | europeans always had upper hand, colonies resistance was futile, berlin conference partitioning africa |
| colonization in 1500-1800s | little in africa or asia, mostly north america, main reason for success was disease which wiped out native populations |
| making colonialism pay | colonizers taxed and abused colonies, eliminated competition, forced consumption and culture through educationg |
| corvee labor | unpaid work demanded of native populations |
| congo ruling | King Leopold of Belgium, horrible conditions, mandated labor, used brutal torture and attack |
| gross national income | total value of all a nation's production and provides an estimate of a national prospertiy |
| modernization theory of development | model of progress promoted by western nations onto poor and newly independent nations, presumed colonies needed to model themselves after successful european countries, failed mostly |
| human needs approach of development | in 70's, focuses on filling basic needs of rural poor, but failed to provide economic growth |
| structural adjusment | SAPS, have specific rules for spending money given in loans |
| neoliberalism | |
| sweatshops | factories where workers are employed for long hours in unsafe conditions and at low pay, nike and the gap, victimize women |
| urbanization | movement into cities, formations of shanty towns |
| china's one child policy | affected by culture, skewing births in favor of males, rural men cant find wives, wives are imported or are slaves, leads to spoiled children |
| pollution | mali, industry in poor nations is more polluting, causing violence and civil unrest |
| global warming | increasing growing season in wealthy nations, heavily affecting poor tropical nations |
| migration | brain drain, immigrants face discrimination, cultural migration |
| fa'afafine | samoan boys who are raised as girls, issues of culture and gender and complexity of sexual identity, importance of dance, now more like drag queens |
| sea change | how ocean acidification affects sea life and the environment due to excess carbon dioxide dissolving in the ocean and what this means for his grandson, threatens lowest of the food chain-effects the whole thing |
| castor semenya | south african runner who won in the olympics, questioned about her gender, she is quite manly, but she is a woman |
| syncretism | combination of different religions/culture to form a new religion/culture |
| sociogenic | arising from society and motivated by social influences, values and constraints |
| lactase persistance | ???? |
| two sides of debate in fed up | ???? |
| hegemony | ideologies and beliefs that justify social stratification, global leaders |
Created by:
hannad
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