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Cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Swelling that can be cause by a number of different conditions | Tumor |
| Well-differentiated cells that are clustered together in a single mass | Benign neoplasm |
| less well differentiated, have ability to break loose and travel through the circulatory or lymphatic system and form secondary malignant tumors | Malignant neoplasm |
| benign tissue tumor | adenoma |
| benign bone tumor | osteoma |
| benign blood tumor | hemangioma |
| benign nerve tumor | neuroma |
| malignant tissue tumor | adenoscarcoma |
| malignant bone tumor | osteoscaroma |
| malignant blood tumor | hemangioscaroma |
| malignant nerve tumor | neuroblastoma |
| normal cells respect each others boundaries | contact inhibition |
| limited cell division, orderly and regulated, apoptosis, specific morphology, small cell nucleus, perform specific function, adhere or bind together, do not migrate, euploid (21 pairs of chromasomes), contact inhibition | Characteristics of normal cells |
| Rapid cell division, do not respond to signals for apoptosis, anaplastic morphology, latge nucleus, no specific purpose, adhere loosely together (migrate), invade other tissues, aneuploid (< or > 21 pr chromosomes | Characteristics of cancer cells |
| a nuclei of the necrotic cells dissolve and the cytoplasm shrinks, rounds up, and is phagocytized. Cell death. | Apoptosis |
| usually proliferate at same rate as normal cells of tissue they arise from | cancer cell proliferation |
| divide indiscriminately and haphazardly, may produce more than two cells during mitosis, DNA is mutated- rearranged, lack inhibition, will grow on top of other cells | cancer cell proliferation |
| regulates and promotes growths genetic lock | normal cellular differentiation |
| well differentiated cells that resemble cells of the tissue of origin | benign cell characteristics |
| undifferentiated with atypical structure, bears little resemblence to tissue of origin | malignant cell characteristics |
| progressive, slow,may come to standstill or regress | benign cell rate of growth |
| variable, depends on level of differentiation, the more anaplastic, the more rapid growth | malignant cell rate of growth |
| grows by expansion without invading surrounding tissue, usually encapsulated | benign cell mode of growth |
| grows by invasion, sending out processess that infiltrate surrounding tissue | malignant cell mode of growth |
| does not metastasize | benign metastasis |
| gains access to blood & lymph channels to metastisize to other areas of the body | malignant metastisis |
| Normal cell growth is controlled by? | growth promoting proto-oncogenes and growth suppressing anti-oncogenes |
| potentially malignant cells are targeted for elimination by? | tumor-suppressing genes |
| agents that cause cancer | carcinogens |
| BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 | Tumor suppressor genes |
| Alterations in what genes increase a persons risk for breast and ovarian cancer | BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 |
| Alteration in what gene increases a persons chance of familial adenomatous polyposis, a precursor for colorectal cancer | APC gene |
| tumor inducing genes | oncogenes |
| Known as the genetic lock that keeps the cell in its mature functioning state | protooncogene |
| Able to directly lyse tumor cells without any prior sensitization? | Natural killer cells |
| These cells release interferon and IL-2 which activates macrophages. | T-cells |
| these cells produce antibodies tht bind to tumor cells, specific for a certain tumor | B-lymphocytes |
| This allows for identification of cancer cell by immune system, then lyphocytes can destroy | TAA - tumor associated antigen |
| Time between initial genetic alteration and actual clinical evidence of cancer | latent period |
| This can cause cancer in almost any human body tissue | ionizing radiation |
| These genes function to regulate cell growth | tumor suppressor genes |
| These proteins are located on the cell membrane of cancer cell. | carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and x-fetoprotein (FP) |
| p53 tumor suppressor gene have been found in these cancers. | bladder, breast, colorectal, esophageal, liver, lung, and ovarian |
| Carcinogens are detoxified by this and are harmlessly excreted. | protective enzymes |
| The stages of cancer are? | initiation, promotion, progression |
| This stage is irreversible, but not all altered cells go on to establish a tumor because many undergo apoptosis (cell death) | initiation stage |
| Chemical carcinogens. | estrogen therapy, cigarette smoke,asbestos, radiation and nitrites. |
| Physical carcinogens. | ionizing radiation, UV-rays, uranium |
| Viral carcinogens. | Epstein-Barr virus, AIDS, hep-B, Human papillomavirus |
| Bone cancer has been linked with exposure of | radiation such as, radiologists, radiation chemists and uranium miners |
| thyroid cancer has been linked with exposure of | radiation to the head nd neck area for treatment of disorders such as acne,tonsillitis, sore throat, or enlarged thyroid |
| higher incidence of childhood cancers occurs in children exposed to | radiation during fetal life |
| Melanoma and squamous and basal cell carcinoma of the skin ar linked to exposure to | ultraviolet radiation |
| this cancer is most common in whites | skin cancer |
| The reversible stage providing the causitive substance is removed | promotion stage |
| Final stage of cancer development when cells are able to grow on their own. | Progression stage |
| when the tumor developes its own blood supply | tumor angiogenesis |
| metastic cells are difficult to treat do to resistance of what? | chemo and radiation |
| the most frequent areas of metastasis are | lungs, brain, bone, liver and adrenal glands |
| hematogenous metastasis | penetration of blood vessels by primary tumor cells via the release of metalloproteinase enzymes |
| classification of carcinoma | skin, glands, mucous membranes |
| classification of sarcoma | connective, muscle and bone tissue |
| classification of glioma | brain or spinal cord tissue |
| classification of lymphoma | lymphatic tissue |
| classification of leukemia | leukocytes |
| in situ | in site without invasion |
| staging is used for what cancers? | cervical, prostate, colon, hodgkins |
| TNM classification | staging by American Joint Committee on Cancer. T=tumor site N= regional lymph node involvement M= metastasis |
| unlocks genetic lock, tumor inducing, interferes with normal cell expression allowing the cell to become malignant | oncogenes |
| proteins in the cell membranes of cancer cells, detected in the blood | CEA and AFP |
| aloxin | mold that grows in improperly stored grains and nuts |
| benzoapryne | foods fried in fat tht has been reused multiple times |
| Nitrosamines | in foods that are smoked, slated, cured or pickled using nitrites or nitrated |
| polycyclic aromatic hydrcarabons | charbroiling or smoking meats and fish |
| high dietary fat | increases bile salts which in presence of anaerobic bacteria in colon produces carcinogens |
| human papillomavirus | linked to carcinoma of the cervix |
| epstein-barr virus | linked to burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, B-cell lymphoma immunosuppressed patients and hodgkins lymphoma |
| hepatitis B | linked to hepatocellular cancer |
| human herpesvirus-8 | linked to kaposi's sarcoma in persons with AIDS |
| responds to malignant cells and prevent growth | immune system |
| only definitive means of diagnosing cancer | biopsy |
| used to obtain cells and tissue fragments through a large bore needle that is guidded into tissue in question | needle biopsy |
| performed with a scalpel or dermal punch to obtain tissue sample | incisional biopsy |
| removal of entire tumors smaller than 2cm, skinlesions, intestional polyps, and breast masses | excisional biopsy |
| goal of cancer treatment | cure, control, palliation |
| factors tht determine therapeutic approach | tumoe cell type, location, and size and the systemic extent of disease. |
| release interferon, and IL-2 which activates macrophages | T-cells |
| tumor associated antigen allows for identification of cancer cell by immune system, then lymphocytes can destroy | TAA-tumor associated antigens. |
| TAA- tumor associated antigens | may be displayed by cancers cells surface as a result of malignant trans formation |
| escape mechanisms or process by which cancer cells evade the immune surveillance | tolerance, suppression of immune responce, weak surface antigens |
| primary cancer prevention | stop smoking, use sunscreen, diet changes, avoiding ETOH, estrogens, radiation smokless tobacco, occupational hazards, regular exercise, decrease stress and adiquate rest, regular health screening |
| Cancer check-up | every three years between 20-39 then anually |
| secondary cancer prevention | *colorectal screening tests *pap smear and pelvic exam *breast self exam *mammograms *testicular self-exams *prostate specific antigen |
| using certain drugs, chemicals or nutrients to disrupt cancer developement | chemoprevention |
| target groups for chemoprevention | *healthy people with specific risk of a CA *people at greater than normal risk *people with precancerous lesions *people with history of cancer |
| seven warning signs of cancer | Change in bowel and bladder habits A sore that wont heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness |
| Disrupts tissue integrity CA cachexia paraneoplastic syndrome | clinical manifestations of CA |
| necrosis and frank bleeding, wound that does not heal, invades adjacent structures | disrupted tissue integrity |
| recommended exercise | 30 min moderate physical activity 5 times wkly |
| recommendation of colonoscopy | beginning at age 50 and every 10 years thereafter |
| should begin three years after intercourse but no later than 21 years of age | cervix screening |
| done annually or every two years using liquid-based tests | Pap test |
| general ill health and malnutrition, marked by weakness and emaciation, usually associated with TB or CA (mostly in children and elderly) | Cachexia |
| symptoms in systems not directly affected by the disease | paraneoplastic syndromes |
| a skin disorder characterized by dark, thick, velvety skin in body folds and creases-associated with a gastric CA | Acanthosis nigricans |
| microscopic examination of body secretions (eg. pap smear, sputums, bronchial washings) | cytology |
| elevated with colon, pancreatic, gastric, breast cancers | CEA carcino embryonic antigen |
| elevated in prostate cancer | PSA |
| elevated in liver, testicular, ovarian cancers | AFP |
| elevated in ovarian cancer | CA-125 |
| obtained by surgery alone or surgery with chemo or radiation | cure |
| goal is maintanence for long periods of time with therapy -chronic leukemias or chronic lymphomas | control |
| goal is to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life with cancers that cant be cured | palliation |
| removal of as much as possible of a tumor | debulking or cytoreductive procedure |
| may be used so radiation and chemo therapy may work better | tumor debulking |
| measures for pain relief with palliation care | cordotomy or rhizotomy |
| neurosurgical procedure that ablate the lateral spinothalamic tract | cordotomy |
| neuroablative intervention that destroy the sensory division of the peripheral or spinal nerve | rhizotomy |
| releif of bowel obstrustions | colostomy |
| curative for basal cell carcinoma, I or IIA hodkins disease and used in combo for many others | radiation therapy as cure |
| used to shrink tumors pre-op or used post-op, used to shrink tumors for pain relief or relief of compression | radiation |
| pt not radioactive with this treatment | external radiation |
| given in a fractionated dose during cell division to catch more cells and to allow normal cells to repair from damage | radiation |
| cancers that are highly radio sensitive | leukemias, lymphomas |
| these cancers are not sensitive to radiation | melanoma |
| pt is radioactive with this treatment | brachytherapy |
| *lead shielding *radiation badges *gloves when handling secretions *disposable equipment(bagging items per protocol) *coordinatined care | protective devices to minimize caregiver exposure |
| acute S/E of radiation | *bone marrow suppression *fatigue *anorexia *skin and mucosal reactions *alopecia *pulmonary effects *GI effects *reproductive effects |
| may receive for bone marrow suppression and /or Hgb below 10g/dl | transfusions |
| encourage a walking program for this | fatigue |
| monitor weight,have small frequent meals, high protein and high calorie diet, bland soft foods, and avoid temperature extremes for this | anorexia |
| use systemic and topical analgesics, anacids to coat mouth, cleanse with saline soln, topical tx with equal parts of antacid and benadryl or viscous lidocaine | Mucositis |
| for skin and mucosal reactions | wash with tepid water and soft cloth avoid soaps, deodorants, powders, cosmetics, highly scented lotions, tight clothing, hot water bottles, electric heating pads, hot or cold packs. protect from sun, wind, and cold |
| ususally occurs after 10th tx | alopecia |
| fibrotic changes, pneumonias, use cough suppressants and elevate HOB | pulmonary effects of radiation |
| N/V alters tastse and effects nutrtion, monitor for dehydration, use prophylactic antiemetics, antidiarrheals, and antispasmodics, sitz bath for comfort | GI effects of radiation |
| men will have decreased sperm count, may recover, women are likely to be infertile. sperm and ova bank prior to tx | reproductive effects of radiation |
| occur in second 6 months after tx and likely effect- kidneys, bone (demineralization), nervous tissue (parathesias), cartlage | sub-acute effects of radiation |
| occur 1 year and beyond. related to vascular changes that decrease circulation to tissue. children may have delayed growth, sexual maturation and cognition with CNS therapy | long-term effects of radiation |
| mitotic rate of tissue size of tumor age of tumor presence of resistant tumor cells physiological and psycological status of host | factors that determine response of cancer cells to chemo |
| lowest level of peripheral blood cell counts or bone marrow function- occurs at 7-28 days | Nadir |
| cytoxan, nitogen mustard, cisplantin, nitrosoureas, thiotepa | alkylating and alkylating-like agents |
| interfere with cell division and DNA during resting and dividing stages. Most effctive on hematologic, breast, lung and ovarian tumors | alkylating and alkylating-like agents |
| fatigue bone marrow suppression leading to pancytopenia nausea & vomiting Stomatitis & ulceration of the intestinal mucosa reversible hair loss kidney toxicity pulmonary fibrosis tinnitis & hearing loss neurotoxcity | adverse reactions of alkylating and alkylating-like agents |
| has effecton cells during all phases of the cell cycle, including those in the process of cellular replication and proliferation and those in resting phase. | cell cycle phase-nonspecific chemotherapeutic drugs |
| exert their most significant effects during specific phases of the cell cycle | cell cycle phase-specific chemotherapeutic drugs |
| infiltration of drugs into the tissue surrounding the infusion site, pain being the cardinal sign, but can occur without causing pain. | extravasation |
| will damage the intima of the vein, causing phlebitis and sclerosis and limiting future preipheral venous access, but will not cause tissue damage if infiltrated. | irritants |
| in advertently infiltrated into the skin, may cause severe local tissue breakdown and necrosis | vesicants |
Created by:
csnodgrass5
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